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. 2004;2004(1):CD001308.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001308.pub2.

Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults

S A Wallace  1 , B Roe, K Williams, M Palmer
Affiliations

Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults

S A Wallace et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004.

Abstract

Background: Urinary incontinence is a common and distressing problem. Bladder training aims to increase the interval between voids and is widely used for the treatment of urinary incontinence.

Objectives: To assess the effects of bladder training for the treatment of urinary incontinence.

Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group trials register (January 2003). The reference lists of relevant articles were searched, and trialists contacted for details of other trials. Date of the most recent search: January 2003.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of bladder training for the treatment of any type of urinary incontinence.

Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers assessed trial quality and independently extracted data. Five primary outcomes were prespecified: participant's perception of cure of urinary incontinence; participant's perception of improvement of urinary incontinence; number of incontinent episodes; number of micturitions; and quality of life. Adverse events were also noted. Three hypotheses were tested: bladder training is better than no bladder training; bladder training is better than other treatments; and combining bladder training with another treatment is better than that other treatment alone.

Main results: We assessed 73 reports of 36 potentially relevant trials; 28 reports of ten trials were eligible for inclusion with a total of 1366, predominantly female, participants. Not all participants' with overactive bladder, in five trials had urinary incontinence. Data from five trials with 467 participants, all female, are therefore included in the review. The quality of trials was variable. Few data describing long term follow up are available.Is bladder training better than no bladder training? Data were available for 149 women from two trials comparing bladder training with no bladder training. These described only a limited number of prespecified outcomes, which varied across the two trials. Point estimates of effect favoured bladder training however confidence intervals were wide and no statistically significant differences were found for primary outcome variables.Is bladder training better than other treatments? Only two trials including 125 women compared bladder training with drugs: one with oxybutynin and one with imipramine plus flavoxate. In the former trial the only outcomes demonstrating a statistically significant difference were participant's perception of cure at six months (RR 1.69; 95% CI 1.21 to 2.34) and adverse events (RR 0.03; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.44), both favouring bladder training. In the latter trial participant's perception of cure immediately after treatment just achieved statistical significance (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.21) favouring bladder training, and this difference was maintained at approximately two months post treatment. One comparison of bladder training with pelvic floor muscle training plus biofeedback included 132 women: none of the differences in the primary outcomes achieved statistical significance.Is combining bladder training with another treatment better than that other treatment alone? One trial compared pelvic floor muscle training plus biofeedback supplemented with bladder training versus pelvic floor muscle training plus biofeedback alone and included 125 women. Of the primary outcomes both participants' perception of improvement and quality of life, both immediately after treatment, achieved statistical significance, favouring the bladder training combined with pelvic floor muscle training and biofeedback group (perception of improvement: RR 1.18; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.39; quality of life: MD -47.20; 95% CI -87.03 to -7.37), this was not sustained at three months.

Reviewer's conclusions: The limited evidence available suggests that bladder training may be helpful for the treatment of urinary incontinence, but this conclusion can only be tentative as the trials were of variable quality and of small size with wide confidence intervals around the point estimates of effect. There was also not enough evidence to determine w evidence to determine whether bladder training was useful as a supplement to another therapy. Definitive research has yet to be conducted: more research is required.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 BLADDER TRAINING VS 'NO TREATMENT', Outcome 2 Participant's perception of cure: number cured vs improved, unchanged or worse: min. 2 months post treatment.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 BLADDER TRAINING VS 'NO TREATMENT', Outcome 4 Participant's perception of improvement: improved, cured vs unchanged, worse: min. 2 months post‐treatment.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 BLADDER TRAINING VS 'NO TREATMENT', Outcome 8 Number of micturitions per week (daytime): immediately after the treatment phase.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 BLADDER TRAINING VS 'NO TREATMENT', Outcome 10 Nocturia, number of micturitions per week: immediately after the treatment phase.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 BLADDER TRAINING VS 'NO TREATMENT', Outcome 18 Cure of incontinent episodes, from urinary diary: number of participants cured: immediately after treatment.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 BLADDER TRAINING VS 'NO TREATMENT', Outcome 20 Improvement/cure of incontinent episodes, urinary diary, number of participants: immediately after treatment.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 1 Participant's perception of cure: number cured vs improved, unchanged or worse: Immediately after treatment.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 2 Participant's perception of cure: number cured vs improved, unchanged or worse: min. two months post treatment.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 3 Participant's perception of improvement: number improved, cured vs unchanged, worse: immediate after treatment.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 8 Number of micturitions per week (daytime): immediately after the treatment phase.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 13 Quality of life health measure (incontinence specific): immediately after treatment phase.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 15 Adverse events, number of participants experiencing.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 17 Cure of daytime frequency: number of participants cured (from daily bladder chart).
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 18 Cure of nocturia: number of participants cured (from daily bladder chart).
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 19 Quality of life measure (general, physical).
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 BLADDER TRAINING VS ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, Outcome 20 Quality of life measure (general, mental).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER DRUGS (NON‐ANTICHOLINERGIC NON‐ADRENERGIC DRUGS), Outcome 1 Participant's perception of cure: number cured vs improved, unchanged or worse: Immediately after treatment.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER DRUGS (NON‐ANTICHOLINERGIC NON‐ADRENERGIC DRUGS), Outcome 2 Participant's perception of cure: number cured vs improved, unchanged or worse: min. two months post treatment.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER DRUGS (NON‐ANTICHOLINERGIC NON‐ADRENERGIC DRUGS), Outcome 13 Adverse events, number of participants experiencing.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER DRUGS (NON‐ANTICHOLINERGIC NON‐ADRENERGIC DRUGS), Outcome 15 Cure of daytime frequency symptoms: number of participants cured.
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER DRUGS (NON‐ANTICHOLINERGIC NON‐ADRENERGIC DRUGS), Outcome 16 Cure of nocturia: number of participants cured (from daily bladder chart).
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 3 Participant's perception of improvement: number improved, cured vs unchanged, worse: immediate after treatment.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 4 Participant's perception of improvement: improved, cured vs unchanged, worse: min. two months post‐treatment.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 9 Number of micturitions per week (daytime): immediately after the treatment phase.
5.14
5.14. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 14 Quality of life health measure (incontinence specific): immediately after treatment phase.
5.15
5.15. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 15 Quality of life health measure (incontinence specific): minimum of two months after the treatment phase.
5.18
5.18. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 18 Cure of incontinent episodes, from urinary diary: number of participants cured: immediately after treatment.
5.19
5.19. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 19 Cure of incontinent episodes, from urinary diary: number of participants cured: min. 2 months after treatment.
5.20
5.20. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 20 Cure of incontinent episodes: number of participants cured: mean 3.2 years follow up.
5.21
5.21. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 21 Participant satisfaction with intervention: number satisfied or very satisfied: immediately after treatment.
5.22
5.22. Analysis
Comparison 5 BLADDER TRAINING VS OTHER BEHAVIOURAL/PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, Outcome 22 Participant satisfaction with intervention: number satisfied or very satisfied: min. 2 months after treatment.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATEMENT ALONE, Outcome 8 Number of micturitions per week (daytime): immediately after the treatment phase.
9.13
9.13. Analysis
Comparison 9 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATEMENT ALONE, Outcome 13 Quality of life health measure (incontinence specific): immediately after treatment phase.
9.15
9.15. Analysis
Comparison 9 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATEMENT ALONE, Outcome 15 Adverse events, number of participants experiencing.
9.17
9.17. Analysis
Comparison 9 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATEMENT ALONE, Outcome 17 Quality of life measure (general, physical).
9.18
9.18. Analysis
Comparison 9 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATEMENT ALONE, Outcome 18 Quality of life measure (general, mental).
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 3 Participant's perception of improvement: number improved, cured vs unchanged, worse: immediate after treatment.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 4 Participant's perception of improvement: improved, cured vs unchanged, worse: min. 2 months post‐treatment.
10.12
10.12. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 12 Quality of life health measure (incontinence specific): immediately after treatment phase.
10.13
10.13. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 13 Quality of life health measure (incontinence specific): minimum of two months after the treatment phase.
10.16
10.16. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 16 Cure of incontinent episodes, from urinary diary: number of participants cured: immediately after treatment.
10.17
10.17. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 17 Cure of incontinent episodes, from urinary diary: number of participants cured: min. 2 months after treatment.
10.18
10.18. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 18 Cure of incontinent episodes: number of participants cured: mean 3.2 years follow up.
10.19
10.19. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 19 Participant satisfaction with intervention: number satisfied or very satisfied: immediately after treatment.
10.20
10.20. Analysis
Comparison 10 BLADDER TRAINING PLUS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT VS NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALONE, Outcome 20 Participant satisfaction with intervention: number satisfied or very satisfied: min. 2 months after treatment.
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References

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Glazener 2004 {published data only}
    1. Glazener CMA, Grant AM, Dorey G, N'Dow J, Hagen S, Moore KN, Ramsay C, Vale L, Norrie J, Buckley B, McDonald A. Conservative treatment for urinary incontinence in men after prostate surgery (MAPS). http://www.controlled‐trials.com [ accessed 2004]. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Goode 2003 {published data only}
    1. Goode PS, Burgio KL, Locher JL, Roth DL, Umlauf MG, Richter HE, Varner RE, Lloyd LK. Effect of behavioral training with or without pelvic floor electrical stimulation on stress incontinence in women: a randomized controlled trial.[comment]. JAMA 2003;290(3):345‐52. - PubMed
Gorman 1995 {published data only}
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Grady 2004 {published data only}
    1. Grady D, Subak L, Kusek J, Nyberg L. PRIDE ‐ program to reduce incontinence by diet and exercise. http://clinicaltrials.gov [accessed 2004]. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gunthorpe 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gunthorpe W, Redman S, Millard R, Brown W. A randomised trial to assess the general practice‐based treatment of female incontinence (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 24th Annual Meeting; 1994 Aug 30 ‐ Sept 2; Prague, Czech Republic 1994:371‐2.
Henalla 1991 {published data only}
    1. Henalla SM, Millar DR, Moon PV. Medical or surgical augmentation of bladder drill for detrusor instability. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1991;11(2):128‐30.
Herschorn 2004 {published data only}
    1. Herschorn S, Becker D, Miller B, Thompson M, B, Forte L. The impact of a simple health education intervention in overactive bladder patients (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 33rd Annual Meeting; 2003 Oct 5‐9; Florence. 2003:352‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Holtedahl 1998 {published data only}
    1. Holtedahl K, Verelst M, Schiefloe A. A population based, randomised, controlled trial of conservative treatment for urinary incontinence in women. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1998;77(6):671‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Janssen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Janssen CCM, Lagro‐Janssen ALM, Felling AJA. The effects of physiotherapy for female urinary incontinence: Individual compared with group treatment. BJU International 2001;87(3):201‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kincade 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kincade JE, Dougherty MC, Busby‐Whitehead J, Carlson JR, Nix WB, Kelsey DT, Smith FC, Hunter GS, Rix AD. Self‐monitoring and pelvic floor muscle exercises to treat urinary incontinence. Urologic Nursing 2005;25(5):353‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Klarskov 1984 {published data only}
    1. Klarskov P, Gerstenberg T, Hald T. Bladder training and terodiline on urge incontinence in females wih stable detrusor function (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 14th Annual Meeting; 1984 Sept; Innsbruck, Austria 1984:404‐5.
Klijn 2003 {published data only}
    1. Klijn AJ, Winkler‐Seinstra PL, Vijverberg MA, Uiterwaal CS, Jong TP. Results of behavioral therapy combined with homeflow biofeedback for non‐neuropathic bladder sphincter dysfunction, a prospective randomized study in 143 patients (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 33rd Annual Meeting; 2003 Oct 5‐9, Florence. 2003:176‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locher 2002 {published data only}
    1. Locher JL, Burgio KL, Goode PS, Roth DL, Rodriguez E. Effects of age and causal attribution to aging on health‐related behaviors associated with urinary incontinence in older women. Gerontologist 2002;42(4):515‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Macaulay 1987 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Macaulay AJ. Micturition and the mind: psychological factors in the aetiology and treatment of urinary symptoms in women. London: MD Thesis, University of London, 1988. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Macaulay AJ, Holmes D, Stanton SL, Stern RS. A prospective, ransomised, controlled trial of bladder retaining and brief psychotherapy for urinary urgency and frequency (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 15th Annual Meeting; 1985 Sept 3‐6; London, UK 1985:184‐5.
    1. Macaulay AJ, Stern RS, Holmes DM, Stanton SL. Micturition and the mind: psychological factors in the aetiology and treatment of urinary symptoms in women. British Medical Journal 1987;294(6571):540‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Madersbacher 2003 {published data only}
    1. Madersbacher H, Pilloni S. Efficacy of extracorporeal magnetic innervation therapy (EXMI) in comparison to standard therapy for stress, urge and mixed incontinence: a randomised prospective trial (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 33rd Annual Meeting; 2003 Oct 5‐9; Florence. 2003:296‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McFall 2000 {published data only}
    1. McFall SL, Yerkes AM, Belzer JA, Cowan LD. Urinary incontinence and quality of life in older women: a community demonstration in Oklahoma. Family and Community Health 1994;17(1):64‐75.
    1. McFall SL, Yerkes AM, Cowan LD. Outcomes of a small group educational intervention for urinary incontinence: episodes of incontinence and other urinary symptoms. Journal of Aging & Health 2000;12(2):250‐67. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. McFall SL, Yerkes AM, Cowan LD. Outcomes of a small group educational intervention for urinary incontinence: health‐related quality of life. Journal of Aging & Health 2000;12(3):301‐17. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nikoletti 2003 {published data only}
    1. Nikoletti S, Young J, King M. A randomised, controlled trial to compare electronic monitoring with the standard procedure for managing urinary incontinence in an acute care setting. Australia: National Continence Management Strategy, Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government, 2003. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nikoletti S, Young J, King M. Evaluation of an electronic monitoring device for urinary incontinence in elderly patients in an acute care setting. Journal of WOCN 2004;31(3):138‐49. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
O'Brien 1991 {published data only}
    1. O'Brien J. Evaluating primary care interventions for incontinence. Nursing Standard 1996;10(23):40‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. O'Brien J, Austin M, Sethi P, O'Boyle P. Urinary incontinence: prevalence, need for treatment, and effectiveness of intervention by nurse. BMJ 1991;303(6813):1308‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Park 2002 {published data only}
    1. Park JT, Song C, Choo M. The effects of bladder training, tolterodine, and bladder training with tolterodine in female patients with overactive bladder; prospective, randomized study (Abstract). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2002;21(4):434‐5.
Prashar 1998 {published data only}
    1. O'Sullivan R, Anderson P, Louey M, Prashar S, Simons A, Bower W, et al. Long term results of a randomised controlled trial of the nurse continence advisor versus the urogynaecologist in conservative therapy (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 30th Annual Meeting; 2000 Aug 28‐31; Tampere, Finland 2000:A212.
    1. Prashar S, Moore K, Anderson P, Louey M, Cragg.S, Simons AM, Foote AJ. A randomized controlled trial of nurse continence advisor management versus urogynaecology management of conservative continence therapy: benefits and costs (Abstract). Neurourology & Urodynamics. 17 1998; Vol. 17, issue 4:423‐4.
Ramsay 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ramsay I, Hassan A, Hunter M, Donaldson K. A randomised controlled trial of urodynamic investigation prior to conservative treatment of urinary incontinence in the female (Abstract). Neurourology & Urodynamics. 13 1994; Vol. 13, issue 4:455‐6.
Ramsay 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ramsay IN, Ali HM, Hunter M, Stark D, McKenzie S, Donaldson K, et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of inpatient versus outpatient continence programs in the treatment of urinary incontinence in the female. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 1996;7(5):260‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Ramsay T, Donaldson K, Stark D, Ali HM, Hunter M. A randomised controlled trial of in‐patient versus out‐patient continence programmes in the treatment of urinary incontinence in the female (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 25th Annual Meeting; 1995 Oct 17‐20; Sydney, Australia 1995:216‐7.
Sampselle 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sampselle CM, Messer KL, Herzog R, Hines SJ, Karl C, Diokno AA. Group teaching of pelvic floor and bladder training: function and knowledge outcomes (Abstract). Neurourology & Urodynamics 2003;22(5):545‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Steers 2004 {published data only}
    1. Steers WD, Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network (UITN). Behavior enhances drug reduction of incontinence (BE‐DRI). www.clinicaltrials.gov 2004.
Subak 2002 {published data only}
    1. Subak LL, Quesenberry CP, Posner SF, Cattolica E, Soghikian K. The effect of behavioral therapy on urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2002;100(1):72‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Swithinbank 1999 {published data only}
    1. Swithinbank LV, Rogers CA, Yang Q, Shepherd AM, Abrams P. Does the amount and type of fluid intake effect urinary symptoms in women? (Abstract). Neurourology and Urodynamics. 18 1999; Vol. 18, issue 4:371‐2.
Szonyi 1995 {published data only}
    1. Collas DM, Szonyi G, Ding YY, Malone LJ. Oxybutynin with bladder retraining for detrusor instability in the elderly ‐ a placebo controlled trial (Abstract). Age and Ageing 1994;23S:P9. - PubMed
    1. Szonyi G, Collas DM, Ding YY, Malone Lee J. Oxybutinin with bladder retraining for detrusor instability in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 1995;24(4):287‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Szonyi G, Ding YY, Malone‐Lee JG. Oxybutynin with bladder retraining for detrusor instability in elderly people (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 24th Annual Meeting; 1994 Aug 30 ‐ Sept 2; Prague, Czech Republic 1994:353‐4.
Tak 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tak E, Hespen A, Dommelen P, Hopman‐Rock M. Incondition; a multi‐level randomized controlled trial of a programme to reduce and prevent urinary incontinence in women in homes for the elderly (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (34th Annual Meeting) and the International UroGynecological Association; 2004 Aug 23‐27; Paris. 2004:Abstract number 190. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wilson 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Glazener CM, Herbison GP, MacArthur C, Grant A, Wilson PD. Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: six year follow up. BMJ 12‐2‐2005;330(7487):337‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Glazener CM, Herbison GP, Wilson PD, MacArthur C, Lang GD, Gee H, et al. Conservative management of persistent postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2001;323(7313):593‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Glazener CM, Herbison GP, Wilson PD, MacArthur C, Lang GD, Gee H, et al. Conservative management of persistent postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: randomised controlled trial. eBMJ 15 Sept 2001;323:1‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wilson PD, Glazener C, McGee M, Herbison P, MacArthur C, Grant A. Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: long term follow‐up study (Abstract). Neurourology & Urodynamics 2002;21(4):370.
    1. Wilson PD, Herbison GP, Glazener CM, Lang G, Gee H, MacArthur C. Postnatal incontinence: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial of conservative treatment (Abstract). Neurourology and Urodynamics 1997;16(5):349‐50.
Wiseman 1991 {published data only}
    1. Wiseman P, Malone‐Lee JG, Rai G. A study of terodiline with bladder retraining in the treatment of detrusor instability in the frail elderly (Abstract). Neurourology & Urodynamics 1990;9(4):410‐1.
    1. Wiseman PA, Malone‐Lee J, Rai GS. Terodiline with bladder retraining for detrusor instability in elderly people. BMJ 1991;302(6783):994‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Mattiasson 2006 {unpublished data only}
    1. Mattiasson A. Solifenacin with or without simplified bladder training for the management of patients with an overactive bladder : a randomised controlled trial. personal communication 26 September 2006.
MRC Trial 2003 {unpublished data only}
    1. Williams KS, Assassa RP, Cooper NJ, Turner DA, Shaw C, Abrams KR, Mayne C, Jagger C, Matthews R, Clarke M, McGrother CW, The Leicestershire MRC Incontinence Study Team. Clinical and cost‐effectiveness of a new nurse‐led continence service: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2005;55(518):696‐703. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sereika 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sereika S, Engberg S, Engberg R. Predictors of general health‐related quality of life in older adults with urinary incontinence (Abstract). Neurourology & Urodynamics 2003; Vol. 22, issue 5:392‐4.
SISTEr 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bump RC, Brubaker LT, Fine PL, Norton PA, Chancellor MB, Zyczynski H, Richter HE, Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network (UITN). Randomised clinical trial of Burch vs sling procedure for stress urinary incontinence (SISTEr trial). http://clinicaltrials.gov [accessed 2004]. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

Additional references

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