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. 2004;2004(1):CD003545.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003545.pub2.

Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia

L O Marques  1 , M S Lima, B G O Soares
Affiliations

Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia

L O Marques et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004.

Abstract

Background: Trifluoperazine is an inexpensive accessible 'high potency' antipsychotic drug, widely used to treat schizophrenia or related psychoses.

Objectives: To estimate the effects of trifluoperazine compared with placebo and other drugs.

Search strategy: Searches of the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's register of trials (March 2002), supplemented with hand searching, reference searching, personal communication and contact with industry.

Selection criteria: All clinical randomised trials involving people with schizophrenia and comparing trifluoperazine with any other treatment.

Data collection and analysis: Studies were reliably selected and quality rated and data was extracted. For dichotomous data, relative risks (RR) were estimated, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where possible, we undertook intention-to-treat analyses. For statistically significant results, the number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated. We estimated heterogeneity (I-square technique) and publication bias.

Main results: 1162 people from 13 studies were randomised to trifluoperazine or placebo. For global improvement, small short-term studies favoured trifluoperazine (n=95, 3 RCTs, RR 0.62 CI 0.49 to 0.78 NNT 3 CI 2 to 4). Loss to follow up was about 12% in both groups (n=280, 7 RCTs, RR 0.99 CI 0.62 to 1.57) and more people allocated trifluoperazine used antiparkinson drugs to alleviate movements disorders compared with placebo (n=195, 4 RCTs, RR 5.06 CI 2.49 to 10.27, NNH 4 CI 2 to 9). 2230 people from 49 studies were randomised to trifluoperazine or another older generation antipsychotic. Trifluoperazine was not clearly different in terms of 'no substantial improvement' (n=1016, 27 RCTs, RR 1.06 CI 0.98 to 1.14) or leaving the study early (n=930, 22 RCTs, RR 1.15 CI 0.83 to 1.58). Almost identical numbers of people reported at least one adverse event (60%) in each group (n=585, 14 RCTs, RR 0.99 CI 0.87 to 1.13), although trifluoperazine was more likely to cause extrapyramidal adverse effects overall when compared to low potency antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine (n=130, 3 RCTs, RR 1.66 CI 1.03 to 2.67, NNH 6 CI 3 to 121). One small study (n=38) found no clear differences between trifluoperazine and the atypical drug, sulpiride.

Reviewer's conclusions: Although there are shortcomings and gaps in the data, there appears to be enough consistency over different outcomes and periods to confirm that trifluoperazine is an antipsychotic of similar efficacy to other commonly used neuroleptics for people with schizophrenia. Its adverse events profile is similar to that of other drugs. It has been claimed that trifluoperazine is effective at low doses for patients with schizophrenia but this does not appear to be based on good quality trial based evidence.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Global state: 1a. No substantial improvement (defined as slight improvement or worse) ‐ by time period.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Global state: 1b. No substantial improvement (short term) ‐ by rater's role.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Global state: 1c. No substantial improvement ‐ by dose of trifluoperazine.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Global state: 2. Not discharged from hospital ‐ by dose of trifluoperazine.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 5 Global state: 3. Use of additional antipsychotics or sedatives.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 6 Mental state: Delusions and hallucinations by the end of the study.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 7 Behaviour: 1. No improvement (Wings Behaviour Rating Scale) ‐ by >8 weeks ‐ 6 months.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Behaviour: 2. Agitation.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 9 Leaving the study early.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 10 Adverse events: 1. At least one adverse effect.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 11 Adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 12 Adverse events: 3. Extrapyramidal.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 13 Adverse events: 4. Haematological.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 14 Adverse events: 5. Neurological.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 15 Adverse events: 6. Somnolesence.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 16 Adverse events: 7. Weight.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 17 Adverse events: 8. Miscellaneous.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Global state: 1a. No substantial improvement (defined as slight improvement or worse) ‐ by time period.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Global state: 1b. No substantial improvement (short term) ‐ by rater's role.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Global state: 1d. No substantial improvement ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ acute vs chronic.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 4 Global state: 1e. No substantial improvement ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ mixed diagnoses vs schizophrenia only.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 5 Global state: 2. Not discharged from hospital ‐ by time period.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 6 Global state: 3. Use of additional antipsychotics or sedatives.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 7 Mental state: 1. Delusions and hallucinations by the end of the study.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 8 Mental state: 2. Other specific effects.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 9 Behaviour: 1. No improvement (Wings Behaviour Rating Scale).
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 10 Behaviour: 2. Specific effects.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 11 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason ‐ by time period.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 12 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events ‐ by time period.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 13 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse or worsening ‐ by time period.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 14 Leaving the study early: 4. Due to refusal of treatment ‐ by time period.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 15 Adverse events: 1. Reporting at least one adverse event.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 16 Adverse events: 2. Anticholinergic.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 17 Adverse events: 3. Cardiovascular.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 18 Adverse events: 4. Endocrine.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 19 Adverse events: 5a. Extrapyramidal ‐ non specific.
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 20 Adverse events: 5b. Extrapyramidal ‐ specific problems.
2.21
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 21 Adverse effects: 5c. Extrapyramidal ‐ average daily dose of antiparkinson agent (trihexyphenidyl).
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 22 Adverse events: 5d‐i. Extrapyramidal ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ high vs low potency control groups ‐ any effect.
2.23
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 23 Adverse events: 5d‐ii. Extrapyramidal ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ high vs low potency control groups ‐ rigidity.
2.24
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 24 Adverse events: 5d‐iii. Extrapyramidal ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ high vs low potency control groups ‐ anti'p drugs.
2.25
2.25. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 25 Adverse events: 5d‐iv. Extrapyramidal ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ specific drugs ‐ any effect.
2.26
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 26 Adverse events: 6. Gastrointestinal.
2.27
2.27. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 27 Adverse events: 7. Haematological.
2.28
2.28. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 28 Adverse events: 8. Neurological.
2.29
2.29. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 29 Adverse events: 9. Somnolescence.
2.30
2.30. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 30 Adverse events: 10. Miscellaneous.
2.31
2.31. Analysis
Comparison 2 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 31 Patient's drug preference: Would prefer a different medication.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Global state: 1a. No substantial improvement (defined as slight improvement or worse).
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. Severely ill or worse.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Global state: 3. Use of additional sedatives.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 4 Mental state.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 5 Leaving the study early.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 6 Behaviour: Agitation.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 7 Adverse events: 1. Extrapyramidal.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 TRIFLUOPERAZINE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 8 Adverse events: 2. Miscellaneous.
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Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003545

References

References to studies included in this review

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Gallant 1968 {published data only}
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Gallant 1968 II {published data only}
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Ramsay 1970 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Abraham 1987 {published data only}
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Barsa 1959 {published data only}
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Brannen 1969 {published data only}
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Buffaloe 1961 {published data only}
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Carscallen 1968 {published data only}
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Childers 1961 {published data only}
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Childers 1962 {published data only}
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Childres 1962 b {published data only}
    1. Childers RT. Selective effectiveness of chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine in schizophrenia. Disease of the Nervous System 1962;23:156‐7.
Crane 1970 {published data only}
    1. Crane GE, Chase C. High doses of trifluoperazine and tardive dyskinesia. Archives of Neurology 1970;22:176‐80. - PubMed
D'Elia 1974 {published data only}
    1. D'Elia G, Perris C, Rapp W. Objective evaluation of EEG amplitude in chronic schizophrenic patients during a controlled trial of pimozide and trifluoperazine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinava Supplementum 1974;249:78‐86. - PubMed
Den Boer 2000 {published data only}
    1. Boer JA, Vahine JO, Post P, Heck AH, Daubenton F, Olbrich R. Ritanserin as add on medication to neuroleptic therapy for patients with chronic or subchronic schizophrenia. Human Psychopharmacology 2000;15(3):179‐89. [Embase 2000170004] - PubMed
Dewolfe 1971 {published data only}
    1. DeWolfe AS, Barrell RP, London L, Spaner FE. Prolixin enanthate and thorazine‐stelazine regimens in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. An experimental evaluation. Psychosomatics 1971;12:186‐90. - PubMed
DiMascio 1965 {published data only}
    1. DiMascio A, Havens LL, Klerman GL. The psychopharmacology of phenothiazine compounds: a comparative study of the effects of chlorpromazine, promethazine, trifluoperazine and perphenazine in normal males‐I. Introduction, aims and methods. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1965;136:15‐28. - PubMed
Eitan 1992 {published data only}
    1. Eitan N, Levin Y, Ben‐Artzi E, Levy A, Neumann M. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on memory functions of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatica Scandinavica 1992;85(1):74‐6. - PubMed
Fish 1966 {published data only}
    1. Fish B, Shapiro T, Campbell M. Long‐term prognosis and the response of schizophrenic children to drug therapy: a controlled study of trifluoperazine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1966;123(1):32‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Forrester 1958 {published data only}
    1. Forrester ME. Disturbed chronic psychotic patients: pilot trial of stelazine. British Medical Journal 1958;2:90‐1. - PMC - PubMed
Gardos 1968 {published data only}
    1. Gardos G, rapkin RM, DiMascio A. Trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine in combination and individually. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1968;10(12):609‐12. - PubMed
Gottfries 1971 {published data only}
    1. Gottfries CG. Flupenthixol and trifluoperazine: A double‐blind investigation in the treatment of schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 1971;119:547‐8. - PubMed
Guido 1960 {published data only}
    1. Guido JA, Abe GY. Trifluoperazine: a report of a clinical trial in back ward psychotic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1960;117:453‐5. - PubMed
Held 1970 {published data only}
    1. Held JM, Cromwell RL, Frank ET Jr, Fann WE. Effect of phenothiazines on reaction time in schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1970;7(3):209‐13. - PubMed
Janecek 1963 {published data only}
    1. Janecek J, Schiele BC, Bellville T, Anderson R. The effects of withdrawal of trifluoperazine on patients maintained on the combination of tranylcypromine and trifluoperazine: a double‐blind study. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1963;85:608‐15. [Acc. No. 1965‐00966‐001] - PubMed
Jones 1970 {published data only}
    1. Jones IH, Davies J, Buckle R, Hanna WH, Pikler N. Comparison of methylperidol and trifluoperazine in the treatment of chronic, underactive schizophrenic patients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1970;4:143‐7. - PubMed
Jones 1971 {published data only}
    1. Jones IH, Pikler N. Effects of chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine on the activity of chronic schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 1971;119:545‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Joshi 1980 {published data only}
    1. Joshi VG, Eswaran S. Vitamins B1, B6 and B12 in the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry 1980;9(1):35‐40.
Joshi 1982 {published data only}
    1. Joshi VG, Nagesh R, Eswaran S. Vitamins B1, B6 and B12 in the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia‐further studies to examine the effect of reduction of chlorpromazine dosage. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry 1982;11(1):45‐9.
Kalinin 1986 {published data only}
    1. Kalinin VV, Rudik VA. The place of insulin coma therapy among modern methods of treatment of paroxysmal schizophrenia patients. Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 1986;86(5):745‐9. - PubMed
Kline 1977 {published data only}
    1. Kline F, Burgoyne RW, Yamamoto J. Comparison of pimozide and trifluoperazine as once‐daily therapy in chronic schizophrenic outpatients. Current Therapeutic Research 1977;21(6):768‐78.
Knight 1979 {published data only}
    1. Knight RG, Harrison A. A double‐blind comparison of thiothixene and trifluoperazine‐chlorpromazine composite in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. New Zealand Medical Journal 1979;89(634):302‐4. - PubMed
Lal 1974 {published data only}
    1. Lal S, Ettigi P. Comparison of thiopropazate and trifluoperazine on oral dyskinesia‐ a double‐blind study. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1974;16(9):990‐7. - PubMed
Lapolla 1965 {published data only}
    1. Lapolla A. A study of stelazine. Western Medicine the Medical Journal of the West 1965;6(9):240‐5. - PubMed
Lovett 1987 {published data only}
    1. Lovett WC, Stokes DK, Taylor LB, Young ML, Free SM, Phelan DG. Management of behaviour symptoms in disturbed elderly patients: comparison of trifluoperazine and haloperidol. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1987;48(6):234‐6. - PubMed
Luckey 1967 {published data only}
    1. Luckey WT, Schiele BC. A comparison of haloperidol and trifluoperazine. (A double‐blind controlled study on chronic schizophrenic outpatients). Diseases of the Nervous System 1967;28(3):181‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Macdonald 1959 {published data only}
    1. Macdonald R, Watts TPS. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride("Stelazine") in paranoid schizophrenia. British Medical Journal 1959;1:549‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Mandel 1962 {published data only}
    1. Mandel W, Evans P. Comparison of butyrylperazine and trifluoperazine in chronic schizophrenic subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 1962;119:70‐1. - PubMed
Mena 1964 {published data only}
    1. Mena A, Heistad G, Schiele BC, Janecek J. A comparison of tranylcypromine alone with tranylcypromine plus trifluoperazine in the treatment of chronic outpatients: a double‐blind controlled study. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 1964;53:542‐50. [Acc. No. 1965‐00966‐001] - PubMed
Monroe 1965 {published data only}
    1. Monroe RR, Kramer MD, Goulding R, Wise S. EEG activation of patients receiving phenothiazines and chlordiazepoxide. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1965;141:100‐7. - PubMed
Montero 1971 {published data only}
    1. Montero E. Thioridazine compared with a combination of chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine hydrochloride in schizophrenic patients. 5th World Congress of Psychiatry; 1971 Nov 28‐ Dec 4, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. 1971:433. [MEDLINE: ]
Morton 1968 {published data only}
    1. Morton MR. A study of the withdrawal of chlorpromazine or trifluoperazine in chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1968;124(11):1585‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Moyano 1975 {published data only}
    1. Moyano CZ. A double‐blind comparison of loxitane‐loxapine succinate and trifluoperazine hydrocloride in chronic schizophrenic patients. Diseases of the Nervous System 1975;36:301‐4. - PubMed
Oybir 1962 {published data only}
    1. Oybir F. Trifluoperazine in chronic withdrawn schizophrenics (a double‐blind study). Diseases of the Nervous System 1962;23:348‐50. - PubMed
Pecknold 1977 {published data only}
    1. Pecknold JC, Ban TA, Lehmann HE. A standard (trifluoperazine) controlled clinical study with clomacran in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1977;13(3):14‐15. - PubMed
Polvan 1971 {published data only}
    1. Polvan N, Akpinar S, Ahmed MB, Itil TM. Different effects of trifluoperazine when administered daytime or night. British Journal of Psychiatry 1971;119(553):601‐2. - PubMed
Rudy 1958 {published data only}
    1. Rudy L, Rinaldi E, Himwich H, Tuteur W, Glotzer J. Trifluoperazine in the treatment of psychotic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1958;115:364‐5. - PubMed
Schiele 1963 {published data only}
    1. Schiele BC, Vestre ND. Treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics with trifluoperazine plus tranylcypromine: a double‐blind controlled study. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1963;4(2):66‐79. - PubMed
Sharpley 1964 {published data only}
    1. Sharpley P, Mena A, Schiele BC, Heistad G. A comparison of pargyline and tranylcypromine with and without the addition of trifluoperazine: a double‐blind study. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1964;15:344‐52. - PubMed
Stanley 1961 {published data only}
    1. Stanley WJ, Walton D. Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) a controlled clinical trial in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science 1961;107:250‐7.
Talbot 1964 {published data only}
    1. Talbot DR. Are tranquilizers combinations more effective than a single tranquilizer?. American Journal of Psychiatry 1964;121:597‐600. - PubMed
Teja 1975 {published data only}
    1. Teja JS, Grey WH, Clum Jm, Warren C. Tranquilizers or anti‐depressants for chronic schizophrenics: A long term study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1975;9(4):241‐7. - PubMed
Tetreault 1968 {published data only}
    1. Tetreault L, Filotto J, Bordeleau JM. Neuroleptics and extrapyramidal effects: correlation between antipsychotic and extrapyramidal properties [Neuroleptiques et Effets Extra‐Pyramidaux: Correlation Entre Les Proprietes Antipsychotiques Et Extra‐Pyramidales]. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 1968;13(6):507‐12. - PubMed
Tolan 1959 {published data only}
    1. Tolan EJ, Peppel HH. Preliminary observations of trifluoperazine in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1959;115:935. - PubMed
Uddyback 1962 {published data only}
    1. Uddyback OT, Chen Ch. Thioridazine (Mellaril) on regressed schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1962;119:740‐41. - PubMed
Vogt 1961 {published data only}
    1. Vogt AH. The use of stelazine and parnate in chronic, withdrawn patients. American journal of Psychiatry 1961;118:256‐57. - PubMed
Weckowicz 1960 {published data only}
    1. Weckowicz TE, Ward TF. Clinical trial of "stelazine"on apathetic chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Mental Science(British Journal of Psychiatry from 1963) 1960;106:1008‐15. - PubMed
Weston 1961 {published data only}
    1. Weston FK, Loftus AP. A terminal double‐blind trial of trifluoperazine ("stelazine") in chronic schizophrenia. The Medical Journal of Australia 1961;48(1):776‐80. - PubMed
Wilson 1961 {published data only}
    1. Wilson IC, Mckay J, Sandifer MG. A double‐blind trial to investigate the effects of thorazine (largactil, chlorpromazine), compazine (stemetil, prochlorperazine) and stelazine (trifluoperazine) in paranoid schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science 1961;107:90‐9. - PubMed
Winnik 1962 {published data only}
    1. Winnik HZ, Assael M, Gabbai F. Clinical trial of stelazine therapy in schizophrenia refractory to alternative treatments. Dapim Rafuiim 1962;21:161‐68. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abuzzahab 1977 {published data only}
    1. Abuzzahab FS. The treatment of schizophrenia with long‐acting oral neuroleptics: A six‐month double‐blind investigation of penfluridol versus trifluoperazine. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1977;13(3):26‐7. - PubMed
Barron 1961 {published data only}
    1. Barron A, Beckering B, Rudy LH, Smith JA. A double‐blind study comparing RO 4‐0403, trifluoperazine and placebo in chronically ill mental patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1961;118:347‐8.
Bora 1968 {published data only}
    1. Bora G. Comparison of dosage ranges of carphenazine and trifluoperazine in elderly chronic schizophrenics. Disease of the Nervous System 1968;29(10):695‐7. - PubMed
Cahan 1960 {published data only}
    1. Cahan RB. Efficacy of trifluoperazine in chronic mental ilness. American Journal of Psychiatry 1960;116:838‐9. - PubMed
Claghorn 1969 {published data only}
    1. Claghorn JL. Psychopharmacologic characteristics of an indole compound‐molindone. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1969;11(8):524‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Freeman 1969 {published data only}
    1. Freeman H, Frederick AN. Comparison of trifluoperazine and molindone in chronic schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1969;11(11):670‐6. - PubMed
Gallant 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gallant. GP‐45795 vs. trifluoperazine. Early Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Reports 2000.
Gardos 1970 {published data only}
    1. Gardos G, Finnerty RJ, Cole JO. Thiothixene and trifluoperazine in a step system. Psychosomatics 1970;11(1):36‐40. - PubMed
Hamilton 1963 {published data only}
    1. Hamilton M, Hordern A, Waldrop FN, Lofft J. A controlled trial on the value of prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine and intensive group treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry 1963;109:510‐22. - PubMed
Holden 1971 {published data only}
    1. Holden JMC, Itil TM, Gannon PJ, Keskiner A. The clinical effects of intramuscular thiothixene and trifluoperazine in chronic schizophrenia: a comparative study. Current Therapeutic Research 1971;13(5):298‐310. - PubMed
Hunt 1967 {published data only}
    1. Hunt PV. A comparison of the effects of the oxypertine and trifluoperazine in withdrawal schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 1967;113(505):1419‐24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Khorana 1988 {published data only}
    1. Khorana AB, Patel Y. Comparative short term evaluation on penfluridol and trifluoperazine in chronic schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1988;32:293‐8. - PubMed
Kogeorgos 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kogeorgos J, Kanellos P, Michalakeas A, Ioannidis J. Sulpiride and risperidone vs. "classical neuroleptics" in schizophrenia: a follow up study. 8th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology; 1995 Sep 30‐ Oct 4, Venice, Italy. 1995.
Madgwick 1958 {published data only}
    1. Madgwick JRA, McNeill DLM, Driver M, Preston GC. Stelazine (trifluoperazine) A preliminary report on a clinical trial. Journal of Mental Science 1958;104:1195‐8. - PubMed
Ortega‐Soto 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ortega‐Soto HA, Brunner E, Apiquian R, Torre MP, Ulloa RE. Typical antipsychotics: the threshold doses strategy. 20th Congress of Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum; 1996 june 23‐27, Melbourne, Australia. 1996.
    1. Ortega‐Soto HA, Brunner E, Apiquian R, Torre P, Ulloa RE, Mendizabal A. Optimal minimum doses of trifluoperazine in acute schizophrenia. 149th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1996 May 4‐9, New York, USA. 1996.
Platz 1967 {published data only}
    1. Platz AR, Klett CJ, Caffey EM. Selective drug action related to chronic schizophrenic subtype. Diseases of the Nervous System 1967;28(9):601‐5. - PubMed
Spiegel 1967 {published data only}
    1. Spiegel DE, Spiegel KP. The effects of carphenazine, trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine on ward behaviour, physiological functioning and psychological test scores in chronic schizophrenic patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1967;144(2):111‐16. - PubMed
Svestka 1975 {published data only}
    1. Svetska J, Nahunek K, Rodova A, Ceskova E. The position of trifluoperazine in the group of neuroleptics (a controlled clinical comparative study). Activitas Nervosa Superior 1975;17(3):208. - PubMed
Terminska 1989 {published data only}
    1. Terminska K, Mrowiec W. Comparison of influence of perazine, fluphenazine, trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol on primary and deficit schizophrenic symptoms in patients first hospitalized because of paranoid schizophrenia [Badanie porównawcze wplywu perazyny, flufenazyny, trifluoroperazyny, chloropromazyny i haloperydolu na objawy pierwotne i deficytowe pierwszego zachorowania na schizofrenie paranoidalna]. Psychiatria Polska 1989;23:24‐30. - PubMed
Toru 1969 {published data only}
    1. Toru M, Kobayashi K, Shimazono Y. A double‐blind cross‐over comparison of oxypertine with trifluoperazine in chronic schizophrenia. Rinsyo Igaku 1969;11(10):787‐96.
Vinar 1966 {published data only}
    1. Vinar O, Taussigova D. Clinical experience with trifluoperazine. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1966;8:448‐51. - PubMed
Vinar 1971 {published data only}
    1. Vinar O, Taussigova D. Thiothixene in schizophrenic psychoses. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1971;13(3):174‐7. - PubMed
Wijsenbeek 1974 {published data only}
    1. Wijsenbeek H, Steiner M, Goldberg SC. Trifluoperazine: a comparison between regular and high doses. Psychopharmacologia 1974;36:147‐50. - PubMed

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Duggan 2002
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