Revised definition of Actinobacillus sensu stricto isolated from animals. A review with special emphasis on diagnosis

Abstract

The taxonomy of the members of the genus Actinobacillus associated with animals has been reviewed with focus on classification and identification including molecular based characterization, typing and identification. Out of the 22 species or species like taxa reported as Actinobacillus, 19 are associated with animals. When classified on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence based phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA hybridizations and phenotypic analysis, Actinobacillus sensu stricto is restricted to include A. lignieresii, A. pleuropneumoniae, A. equuli subsp. equuli, A. equuli subsp. haemolyticus (taxon 11 of Bisgaard), A. hominis, A. suis, A. ureae, A. arthritidis (taxon 9 of Bisgaard), Actinobacillus genomospecies 1 and 2 and the taxa 8 and 26 of Bisgaard. The remaining 11 species of Actinobacillus are unrelated to A. sensu stricto and should consequently be grouped with other genera or be renamed as new genera depending on new data. Identification of members of Actinobacillus at species level is possible through phenotypic characterization combined with information on host of isolation. PCR tests are available for specific detection of A. pleuropneumoniae. Only A. pleuropneumoniae is presently considered as a primary pathogen. Based on different types of RTX genes it is possible to PCR type A. pleuropneumoniae to serotype level. PCR might also be used for the specific detection of A. equuli subsp. haemolyticus. Epidemiological investigations and surveillance have so far included serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), ribotyping and restriction fragment length profiling.