Alu RNA transcripts in human embryonal carcinoma cells. Model of post-transcriptional selection of master sequences

Abstract

Alu master sequences colonized the human genome using RNA as amplification intermediate. To understand this phenomenon better we isolated and analyzed Alu RNA from NTera2D1 pluripotential cells. Northern hybridization, primer extension, cDNA cloning and sequencing data are congruent and demonstrate a low level of Alu specific transcription. These bona fide RNA Polymerase III Alu transcripts, although enriched in the cytoplasm, are not dominated by a single master species but rather originate from a variety of loci. However, when compared with the genomic average, or to repeats from RNA Polymerase II co-transcripts, they belong to the youngest group of Alu subfamilies (p less than 0.001) and have a higher content of intact CpG-dinucleotides. This suggests that Alu transcription is influenced both by mutations and the genomic context, and points to a possible role of DNA methylation in silencing the bulk of genomic repeats. Because of the heterogeneity of Alu transcripts a post-transcriptional selection mechanism recruiting Alu master sequences for retroposition is required. We propose that Alu RNA masters could have evolved as selfish satellites to a more complex retroposition system equipped with a reverse transcriptase activity and that their structure was conserved through "phenotypic" selection of the RNA level.