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Review
. 2004 Apr 10;328(7444):885-7.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7444.885.

Harm reduction

Ann McNeill  1
Affiliations
Review

Harm reduction

Ann McNeill. BMJ. .
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 2
Figure 2
Prospective hazard ratios for death for smokers who cut down or quit compared with continuing heavy smokers. Adapted from Godtfredsen et al (Am J Epidemiol 2002;156: 994-1001)
Figure 1
Figure 1
“Low tar” cigarettes showing ventilation holes in the filters
Figure 3
Figure 3
Tar and nicotine yields for 187 cigarette brands tested by the UK Laboratory of the Government Chemist (data from www.open.gov.uk/doh/dhhome.htm)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of compensation by smokers when smoking low tar cigarettes, as shown by mean blood levels of cotinine (with 95% confidence intervals) and related nicotine yield over time. 1=run-in to study; 2=entry; 3=at 2 months; 4=at 4 months; 5=at 6 months. Adapted from Frost et al (Thorax 1995;50: 1038-43)
Figure 5
Figure 5
According to the manufacturer, R J Reynolds (RJR), Eclipse cigarettes are “designed to burn only about 3% as much tobacco as other cigarettes.” RJR also explains that they “create smoke primarily by heating tobacco rather than burning it” (www.eclipse.rjrt.com)
Figure 6
Figure 6
Swedish snus, with pound coins for scale
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. Regulation of nicotine intake by smokers, and implications for health. In: Nicotine addiction in Britain. London: RCP, 2000. (A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians, Chapter 6.)
    1. Stratton K, Shetty P, Wallace R, Bondurant S, eds. Clearing the smoke: assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. - PubMed
    1. Ferrence R, Slade J, Room R, Pope M, eds. Nicotine and public health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000.
    1. Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. Protecting smokers, saving lives. The case for a tobacco and nicotine regulation authority. London: RCP, 2002.
    1. National Cancer Institute. Risks associated with smoking cigarettes and low machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2001. (Smoking and tobacco control monograph No 13; NIH publication No 02-5074.)