zFP538, a yellow fluorescent protein from coral, belongs to the DsRed subfamily of GFP-like proteins but possesses the unexpected site of fragmentation

Abstract

The yellow fluorescent protein (zFP538) from coral Zoanthus sp. belongs to a family of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Absorption and emission spectra of zFP538 show an intermediate bathochromic shift as compared with a number of recently cloned GFP-like red fluorescent and nonfluorescent chromoproteins of the DsRed subfamily. Here we report that the zFP538 chromophore is very close, if not identical, in chemical structure to that of DsRed. To gain insight into the mechanism of zFP538 fluorescence and chromophore structure and chemistry, we studied three chromophore-containing peptides isolated from enzymatic digests of zFP538. Like GFP and DsRed chromophores, these contain a p-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinone moiety formed by Lys-66, Tyr-67, and Gly-68 of zFP538. One of the peptides studied, the hexapeptide FKYGDR derivative, is a proteolysis product of the zFP538 full-length polypeptide containing a GFP-type chromophore already formed and arrested at an earlier stage of maturation. The two other peptides are the derivatives of the pentapeptide KYGDR resulted from the protein in which the chromophore maturation process had been completed. One of these has an oxogroup at Lys-66 C(alpha) and is a hydrolysis product of another one, with the imino group at Lys-66 C(alpha). The N-unsubstituted imino moiety of the latter is generated by spontaneous polypeptide chain fragmentation at a very unexpected site, the former peptide bond between Phe-65 C' and Lys-66 N(alpha). Also observed in the entire protein under mild denaturing conditions, this fragmentation is likely the feature of native zFP538 chromophore that distinguishes it chemically from the DsRed chromophore.