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. 2004 May;30(5):321-8.
doi: 10.1097/00004770-200405000-00005.

Morphology of the physiological foramen: I. Maxillary and mandibular molars

Benjamín Briseño Marroquín  1 , Mohammed A A El-Sayed, Brita Willershausen-Zönnchen
Affiliations

Morphology of the physiological foramen: I. Maxillary and mandibular molars

Benjamín Briseño Marroquín et al. J Endod. 2004 May.

Abstract

Information concerning the anatomy of the physiological foramen is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the distance between the physiological and anatomical apex, accessory foramina frequency, and the shape and diameter of the physiological foramen in maxillary and mandibular molars. The apical anatomy of 523 maxillary and 574 mandibular molars from an Egyptian population was investigated by means of a computer-aided stereomicroscope (40 x magnification). The following results were obtained:

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