Asbestos exposure in buildings

Abstract

Asbestos-related diseases are dose-related. Among these, asbestosis has occurred only with the heavy exposures of the past, is a disappearing disease, and is of no concern with the very small exposures from building occupancy. A possibly increased incidence of lung cancer has been included in risk analysis, but probably is also related to high exposure in that both epidemiologic and experimental data suggest a link between the process of alveolar inflammation and fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. The major concern has been mesothelioma in that it has occurred with much lower household and neighborhood exposure. Additionally, anxiety concerning buildings with ACM has been heightened by finding of friable asbestos in about 20% of public buildings, discovery of environmental asbestos fibers and asbestos bodies in autopsies, and demonstration of a linear relationship between exposure and lung cancer risk in occupational groups, inviting extrapolation to a much lower dose. Legislative and regulatory mandates, promotional activities of abatement companies, adverse court decisions placing the onus of repairs on asbestos manufacturers, and a "pandemic of mediagenic disease" all have contributed to panic among building owners, school boards, insurers, and others. In that there is neither clinical nor epidemiologic support for asbestos-related disease from building occupancy, risk estimates have been based on extrapolation from past experience with generally high-dose occupational exposure. However, only a few epidemiologic studies have contained quantitative estimates of exposure, and these have been measured in terms of all particles, with conversion to asbestos fibers uncertain and the fiber type and dimension largely unknown. To these uncertainties must be added the unproved assumption of a linear dose-response down to very low levels of exposure with no threshold. At the other end of the scale extrapolation has required measurements of present building exposure, and these have been revised downward as methods for collection and analysis have improved. Risk estimates in this country and abroad have assumed exposure to 0.001 f/mL, with indicated lifetime risks for cancer ranging from about 2 to 20 per 1 million students. However, these estimates have assumed mixed fiber exposure whereas most building exposure comes from chrysotile, which is much less toxic than the amphiboles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)