Clinical, experimental, and theoretical investigations of the effect of superior semicircular canal dehiscence on hearing mechanisms

Abstract

Hypothesis: A superior semicircular canal dehiscence affects hearing by introducing a third window into the inner ear that 1) lowers cochlear input impedance, 2) shunts air-conducted sound away from the cochlea resulting in conductive hearing loss, and 3) improves bone-conduction thresholds by increasing the difference in impedance between the vestibule and the round window.

Background: Superior semicircular canal dehiscence has been linked to a "conductive" hearing loss characterized by a decrease in the sensitivity to air-conducted sound and hypersensitivity to bone-conducted sound.

Methods: Four investigations were performed: 1) laser-Doppler vibrometer measurements of sound-induced umbo velocity in patients with computed tomographic scan-confirmed superior semicircular canal dehiscence; 2) laser-Doppler vibrometry of sound-induced motions of the vestibular lymph (either perilymph or endolymph) exposed in a chinchilla model of superior semicircular canal dehiscence; 3) studies in chinchillas of the effect of superior semicircular canal dehiscence on the cochlea's sensitivity to bone-conducted sounds; and 4) anatomically based theoretical analyses of sound flow through the human cochlea and semicircular canals.

Results: The low-frequency umbo velocity in superior semicircular canal dehiscence patients without previous middle ear surgery ranged from normal through high normal. This tendency toward hypermobility suggests a decrease in cochlear impedance. Measurements of sound-induced velocity of the lymph within a superior semicircular canal dehiscence in chinchillas demonstrated sound flow through the dehiscence. Measurements of the cochlear potential demonstrated a superior semicircular canal dehiscence-induced increase in response to bone-conducted sound in eight of nine chinchillas. An anatomically based model of the human ear predicts changes in auditory sensitivity similar to audiometric changes in superior semicircular canal dehiscence.

Conclusion: The results suggest that superior semicircular canal dehiscence can affect hearing function by introducing a third window into the inner ear.