Activation in vivo of the minimal replication origin beta of plasmid R6K requires a small target sequence essential for DNA looping

Abstract

The plasmid R6K contains three distinct origins of replication: alpha, beta, and gamma. The gamma sequence is essential in cis and acts as an enhancer that activates the distant alpha and beta origins. R6K therefore represents a favorable procaryotic model system with which to unravel the biochemical mechanisms underlying selective origin activation, particularly activation involving distant sites on the same chromosome. We have discovered that plasmids containing the origins alpha and gamma required the Escherichia coli DnaA initiator protein in addition to the R6K-encoded initiator protein, Pi, and other host replisomal proteins for their maintenance in vivo. Plasmids initiating replication from origin beta required only the Pi initiator protein and other host replisomal proteins. We have exploited the differential requirement for the DnaA protein by origins gamma and beta to selectively study and localize the minimal origin beta sequences by deletion analysis as one test of a looping model of origin activation. A 64-bp region spanning the extreme -COOH terminal coding sequence of the Pi protein was found to be essential for replication in vivo in the absence of DnaA protein, consistent with the approximate physical location of the beta origin. Replication emanating from origin beta could be abolished in vivo by deletion of the 9-bp target site for Pi protein-mediated DNA looping between the gamma origin/enhancer and the distant beta origin. Electron microscopy of nascent replication intermediates generated in vivo directly confirmed our genetic localization of the beta origin. Our results strongly suggest that activation of the beta origin by a distant replication enhancer element requires a small target sequence essential for initiator protein-mediated DNA looping.