The measurement of salivary cadmium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry and its use as a biological indicator of occupational exposure
- PMID: 1515771
The measurement of salivary cadmium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry and its use as a biological indicator of occupational exposure
Abstract
We have examined the potential use of salivary cadmium measurements for the biological monitoring of occupational cadmium exposure, paying particular attention to the contamination risks associated with such measurements. We have developed a method for the direct determination of cadmium in saliva by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, which minimizes the risk of contamination during sample preparation and analysis. The limit of detection is 0.6 nmoll-1, which is sufficiently sensitive to discriminate between unexposed and occupationally exposed individuals. The method has been employed to measure cadmium levels in saliva samples collected by two different methods from an unexposed population, a group of ex-workers previously exposed to cadmium (Group 1), and two groups of currently exposed workers (Groups 2 and 3). Salivary cadmium levels were significantly raised in both of the groups of currently exposed individuals (group 2 median (Md) = 17 nmoll-1, group 3 Md = 70 nmoll-1, p greater than 0.0001), and in past workers with previous long-term exposure (Group 1 Md = 2.5 nmoll-1, p greater than 0.001) when compared with an unexposed population. The results suggest that the measurement of salivary cadmium may reflect recent exposure to the metal. However, considerable care must be taken in collecting samples because a risk of contamination during sampling is apparent with procedures commonly used for saliva collection, and for this reason the applicability of such measurements for biological monitoring is limited.
Similar articles
-
Validation of a method to quantify chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and lead in human whole blood, urine, saliva and hair samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.Anal Chim Acta. 2010 Feb 5;659(1-2):60-7. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.056. Epub 2009 Dec 1. Anal Chim Acta. 2010. PMID: 20103106
-
Non-occupational determinants of cadmium and lead in blood and urine among a general population in Thailand.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002 Mar;33(1):180-7. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002. PMID: 12118450
-
[Study on determination of trace cadmium in Chinese medicine loulu by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry].Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2001 Aug;21(4):552-4. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2001. PMID: 12945291 Chinese.
-
Biological monitoring in the occupational setting--relationship to cadmium exposure.IARC Sci Publ. 1992;(118):53-63. IARC Sci Publ. 1992. PMID: 1303973 Review.
-
Saliva as an analytical matrix: state of the art and application for biomonitoring.Biomarkers. 2010 Sep;15(6):475-87. doi: 10.3109/1354750X.2010.481364. Biomarkers. 2010. PMID: 20450335 Review.
Cited by
-
Saliva as a matrix for human biomonitoring in occupational and environmental medicine.Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2015 Jan;88(1):1-44. doi: 10.1007/s00420-014-0938-5. Epub 2014 Mar 12. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2015. PMID: 24619390 Review.
-
Potential health risk of heavy metals in the leather manufacturing industries in Sialkot, Pakistan.Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 18;7(1):8848. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09075-7. Sci Rep. 2017. PMID: 28821790 Free PMC article.
-
Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by chromium in workers exposed from different occupational settings around the globe: A review.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Oct;23(20):20151-20167. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7463-x. Epub 2016 Aug 25. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016. PMID: 27562808 Review.
-
The use of salivary biomarkers in occupational and environmental medicine.Occup Environ Med. 2007 Mar;64(3):202-10. doi: 10.1136/oem.2006.026567. Occup Environ Med. 2007. PMID: 17339296 Free PMC article. Review. No abstract available.
-
The biological exposure indices: a key component in protecting workers from toxic chemicals.Environ Health Perspect. 1997 Feb;105 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):105-15. doi: 10.1289/ehp.97105s1105. Environ Health Perspect. 1997. PMID: 9114280 Free PMC article. Review.
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Medical
Miscellaneous