Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2004 Jun;70(6):3776-80.
doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.6.3776-3780.2004.

Distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subgenotypes in raw urban wastewater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Irshad M Sulaiman  1 , Jianlin Jiang, Ajaib Singh, Lihua Xiao
Affiliations

Distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subgenotypes in raw urban wastewater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Irshad M Sulaiman et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jun.

Abstract

Giardia cysts in 131 raw wastewater samples from Milwaukee, Wis., were genotyped by sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase gene which showed the presence of two distinct genotypes (assemblages A and B) of Giardia duodenalis. Of the 131 samples, 111 belonged to assemblage A, and the remaining samples belonged to assemblage B. A high degree of genetic polymorphism was evident within the assemblage B cluster, with 10 distinct subgenotypes identified, eight of which have not been reported before.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Formation of two major clusters (assemblages A and B) by G. duodenalis in wastewater in a neighbor-joining analysis of the TPI nucleotide sequences. Assemblage A subgenotypes in wastewater are labeled as WA1 to WA5, and assemblage B subgenotypes in wastewater are labeled as WB1 to WB10. Numbers on branches are bootstrapping values (in percentages) using 1,000 replicates; only values of >70% are shown.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Amar, C. F., P. H. Dear, S. Pedraza-Diaz, N. Looker, E. Linnane, and J. McLauchlin. 2002. Sensitive PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in human feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:446-452. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Andrews, R. H., P. T. Monis, P. L. Ey, and G. Mayrhofer. 1998. Comparison of the levels of intra-specific genetic variation within Giardia muris and Giardia intestinalis. Int. J. Parasitol. 8:1179-1185. - PubMed
    1. Caccio, S. M., M. De Giacomo, and E. Pozio. 2002. Sequence analysis of the beta-giardin gene and development of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to genotype Giardia duodenalis cysts from human fecal samples. Int. J. Parasitol. 32:1023-1030. - PubMed
    1. Caccio, S. M., M. De Giacomo, F. A. Aulicino, and E. Pozio. 2003. Giardia cysts in wastewater treatment plants in Italy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3393-3398. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Campbell, S. R., H. van Keulen, S. L. Erlandsen, J. B. Senturia, and J. L. Jarrol. 1990. Giardia sp.: comparison of electrophoretic karyotypes. Exp. Parasitol. 71:470-482. - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources