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. 2004 Jun;70(6):3776-80.
doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.6.3776-3780.2004.

Distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subgenotypes in raw urban wastewater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Irshad M Sulaiman  1 , Jianlin Jiang, Ajaib Singh, Lihua Xiao
Affiliations

Distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subgenotypes in raw urban wastewater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Irshad M Sulaiman et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jun.

Abstract

Giardia cysts in 131 raw wastewater samples from Milwaukee, Wis., were genotyped by sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase gene which showed the presence of two distinct genotypes (assemblages A and B) of Giardia duodenalis. Of the 131 samples, 111 belonged to assemblage A, and the remaining samples belonged to assemblage B. A high degree of genetic polymorphism was evident within the assemblage B cluster, with 10 distinct subgenotypes identified, eight of which have not been reported before.

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Formation of two major clusters (assemblages A and B) by G. duodenalis in wastewater in a neighbor-joining analysis of the TPI nucleotide sequences. Assemblage A subgenotypes in wastewater are labeled as WA1 to WA5, and assemblage B subgenotypes in wastewater are labeled as WB1 to WB10. Numbers on branches are bootstrapping values (in percentages) using 1,000 replicates; only values of >70% are shown.
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