Physicochemical characterisation of cationic polybutylcyanoacrylate-nanoparticles by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare different physical and chemical methods with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) in order to characterise cationic acrylate nanoparticles (NP), which can deliver oligonucleotides (ON) into mammalian cells. These positively charged nanoparticles were prepared from diethylaminoethyl dextran (DEAE-dextran) and poly(n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) (PBCA). NP consists of PBCA oligochains with an average size of PBCA 9 mer and were formed by entrapping DEAE-dextran and dextran 70,000 in high amounts into the particle matrix. The oligochain length of PBCA was investigated by mass-spectroscopy (MALDI TOF). The molecular weight of a particle with d = 108 nm was estimated to be approximately 3.6 x 10(8) Da. The mean size of the nanoparticles were in a range of dh = 130-140 nm, as determined independently by FCS and dynamic light scattering. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images confirm this size range. Furthermore, the particle mass of the PBCA-NP was estimated by FCS measurements. For this approach two new methods for fluorescence labelling of cationic particles were developed. Fluorescent labelled dextran 70,000 was entrapped into the particle matrix; in addition, the derivatisation of hydroxyl groups of the NP was achieved with 5-([4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl]amino) fluorescein (DTAF). ON can be localised in a complex with the NP by dual-colour fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy measurements. The zetapotential of the unloaded NP was positively charged with about +39 mV and decreased down to -40 mV on addition of excess ON. After centrifugation quantification of the ON loading onto the particles by strong anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (SAX HPLC) and FCS showed that approximately 20 microg ON per 100 g NP was adsorbed. The FCS measurements of the ON adsorption in situ was found to be much higher with approximately 95 microg ON per 100 g NP.