Phenotype characterization and natural history of spondylothoracic dysplasia syndrome: a series of 27 new cases

Abstract

Spondylothoracic dysplasia (STD, MIM#277300) is an autosomal recessive disorder with high prevalence in the Puerto Rican population. It is generally regarded as a lethal condition. Since Jarcho and Levin described it in 1938, it has been referred to as spondylocostal dysplasia, costovertebral dysplasia, Jarcho-Levin syndrome and STD. We have prospectively characterized 27 patients with STD by detailed physical examination, pedigree analysis, thoracic CT scans, and pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Diagnoses were established using spinal radiographs and 3-D reconstructive CT scans to demonstrate fusion of the ribs at the costo-vertebral junction with a fan-like (crab-like) configuration of the thorax. Vertebral segmentation and formation defects were seen throughout the spine with a decrease in the number of vertebral bodies. Characteristic vertebral shape consisted of a decrease in antero-posterior diameter and an increase in lateral length, giving the vertebra a sickle shape. Eight out of 18 prospectively follow patients died within the first 6 months of life, a 44% mortality rate. Cause of death was respiratory insufficiency secondary to pneumonia and pulmonary restriction. This is an important finding since the vast majority of STD syndrome patients cited in the medical literature have died in the newborn and early childhood periods. Age of the remaining patients ranged from 4 months to 47 years. This represents the largest collection of patients with STD reported and it has allowed us to determine a detailed phenotype. Given 56% survival at 6 months, we show that STD is not a lethal syndrome.