The accumulation and toxicity of methylated arsenicals in endothelial cells: important roles of thiol compounds

Abstract

Excess intake of arsenic is known to cause vascular diseases as well as skin lesions and cancer in humans. Recent reports suggest that trivalent methylated arsenicals, which are intermediate metabolites in the methylation process of inorganic arsenic, are responsible for the toxicity and carcinogenicity of environmental arsenic. We investigated acute toxicity and accumulation of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), and monomethylarsonous acid diglutathione (MMA(III) (GS)(2)) in rat heart microvessel endothelial (RHMVE) cells. MMA(V) (LC(50) = 36.6 mM) and DMA(V) (LC(50) = 2.54 mM) were less toxic than inorganic arsenicals (cf. LC(50) values for inorganic arsenite (iAs(III)), and inorganic arsenate (iAs(V)) was reported to be 36 and 220 microM, respectively, in RHMVE cells. TMAO was essentially not toxic. However, MMA(III) (GS)(2) was highly toxic (LC(50) = 4.1 microM). The order of cellular arsenic accumulation of those four organic arsenic compounds was MMA(III) (GS)(2) >> MMA(V) > DMA(V) > TMAO. MMA(III) (GS)(2) was efficiently taken up by the cells and cellular arsenic content increased with the concentration of MMA(III) (GS)(2) in culture medium. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reduced cellular arsenic content in DMA(V)-exposed cells and also decreased the cytotoxicity of DMA(V), whereas it changed neither cellular arsenic content nor the viability in MMA(V)-exposed cells. mRNA levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were decreased by NAC in DMA(V)-exposed, but MMA(V)-exposed cells. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a cellular glutathione (GSH) depleting agent, enhanced the cytotoxicity of MMA(V). However, BSO reduced, rather than enhanced, the cytotoxicity of DMA(V). These results suggest that intracellular GSH modulated the toxic effects of arsenic in opposite ways for MMA(V) and DMA(V). Even though intracellular GSH decreased the cytotoxicity of MMA(V), extracellularly added GSH enhanced the cytotoxicity of MMA(V). The use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analyses suggested that a small amount of MMA(V) was converted to MMA(III) (GS)(2) in the presence of GSH. These results suggest that MMA(III) (GS)(2) is highly toxic compared to other arsenic compounds because of faster accumulation of this species by cells, in addition to having the toxic nature of methylated trivalent organic arsenics.