Cobalt-mediated two-carbon ring expansion of five-membered rings. Electrophilic carbon-carbon bond activation in the synthesis of seven-membered rings

Abstract

Electrophilic cobalt(III) mediates an unprecedented two-carbon ring expansion of coordinated five-membered rings, leading to a remarkably general new strategy for the synthesis of seven-membered carbocycles from readily available five-membered ring substrates. The reaction, a metal-mediated [5 + 2] cyclopentenyl/alkyne cycloaddition, proceeds via initial protonation of a cobalt(I) cyclopentadiene complex, followed by rearrangement to an agostic eta3-cyclopentenyl intermediate. The cyclic eta3-allyl residue then undergoes migratory coupling with alkyne followed by carbon-carbon bond activation of the unstrained five-membered ring and recyclization to the ring expanded product, although the order of events and intimate mechanism has not been conclusively established. The reaction is highly selective with respect to which five-membered ring ligand undergoes activation, presumably a consequence of rapid cobalt-mediated interannular hydride transfer and kinetic preference for alkyne insertion into the less substituted cyclopentenyl ring. The alkyne insertion is itself highly regioselective, proceeding via migration to the sterically smaller end of the alkyne. The reaction is sensitive to both the cobalt counterion and the ancillary eta5-cyclopentadienyl substituent but proceeds for a considerable range of alkyl-, aryl-, and trialkylsilyl-substituted terminal and internal alkynes.