Lumbar spine fracture in a 34,100-year-old skeleton: the oldest known prehistoric spine fracture

Abstract

WE EXAMINED SPECIAL pathological changes of the lumbar spine from skeleton remains referred to as "Stetten 1," one of the earliest specimens of modern humans dating from the Early Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic). The skeleton was discovered during archaeological excavations under Riek in 1931 in the Vogelherd Cave near Stetten, close to the Lone Valley of southwestern Germany. The archaeological context is the so-called Aurignacian period (40,000-30,000 yr ago), representing the earliest cultural step of modern humans in Europe. Accelerator mass spectrometry with (14)C measurement yields a calibrated age of these remains averaging 34,100 years before the present. The L3-L4 vertebrae exhibit marginal bone fusion on the right side with a smooth surface. They show 20- to 30-degree kyphosis secondary to wedge impaction of the L4 vertebral body. The facet joints and vertebral bodies reveal small marginal osteophytes with even joint surfaces, indicating low degenerative changes. Stetten 1 is characterized by the presence of a healed lumbar spine fracture. It documents the earliest known case thus far of spine fracture among modern humans.