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. 1992 Jan;82(1):91-3.
doi: 10.2105/ajph.82.1.91.

Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital defects

A D McDonald  1 , B G Armstrong, M Sloan
Affiliations

Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital defects

A D McDonald et al. Am J Public Health. 1992 Jan.

Abstract

We analyzed data from a survey of occupational and other factors and pregnancy outcome to assess the effects of cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption. There was no evidence of an association between any congenital defect and smoking. Results for alcohol and coffee consumption were largely negative, but there was a weak association with musculoskeletal defects in babies born to women who drank one or more alcoholic drinks a day.

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