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Review
. 2004 Nov;88(6):1593-605.
doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2004.06.003.

Smokeless tobacco: an emerging addiction

Jon O Ebbert  1 , Alan B Carr, Lowell C Dale
Affiliations
Review

Smokeless tobacco: an emerging addiction

Jon O Ebbert et al. Med Clin North Am. 2004 Nov.

Abstract

Smokeless tobacco (ST) use is an important health issue in the United States, and chronic use leads to significant morbidity. ST users are exposed to levels of nicotine comparable with smokers and experience symptoms of nicotine withdrawal when attempting to stop. Clinical treatment of ST users requires an understanding of the unique characteristics of ST. This article reviews ST products, epidemiology, pharmacology, health risks, and treatment approaches.

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