Three-dimensional changes in the condyle during development of an asymmetrical mandible in a rat: a microcomputed tomography study

Abstract

A rapidly growing postnatal animal model was used to study changes in the calcified tissue of the mandibular condyle during altered muscle function. A maxillary occlusal splint was designed to shift the mandible laterally (left) during closure. Groups of 5 Wistar rats were killed at 5, 9, 15, 21, 30, and 40 weeks (n = 30), with an equal number of controls. The experimental animals developed shorter, asymmetrical mandibles compared with the control animals. The left condyle became larger and thicker than the right condyle. Microcomputed tomography assessment of the left and right condylar trabecular bone indicated that both had less bone volume than the control condyle. The right masseter muscle significantly lost fiber size and type IIA oxidative fibers, suggesting that the right masseter muscle was used with less tension development. In contrast, the left masseter maintained its fiber size and was similar to the control masseter fiber diameters. Comparison in the sequence of changes indicated that the morphologic changes occurred first in the ramus (age, 5 weeks), before the corpus (age, 15 weeks), and before changes in masseter fiber size and composition (age, 9 weeks). This study showed that both the mandible and the condyle modified their shape and size, as well as the trabecular bone of the condyle, during shifting of the mandible to one side as it closed.