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Comparative Study
. 2004 Sep;10(9):1578-84.
doi: 10.3201/eid1009.040197.

Genetic divergence and dispersal of yellow fever virus, Brazil

Pedro F C Vasconcelos  1 , Juliet E Bryant, Travassos P A da Rosa, Robert B Tesh, Sueli G Rodrigues, Alan D T Barrett
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Genetic divergence and dispersal of yellow fever virus, Brazil

Pedro F C Vasconcelos et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Sep.

Abstract

An analysis of 79 yellow fever virus (YFV) isolates collected from 1935 to 2001 in Brazil showed a single genotype (South America I) circulating in the country, with the exception of a single strain from Rondonia, which represented South America genotype II. Brazilian YFV strains have diverged into two clades; an older clade appears to have become extinct and another has become the dominant lineage in recent years. Pairwise nucleotide diversity between strains ranged from 0% to 7.4%, while amino acid divergence ranged from 0% to 4.6%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated traffic of virus variants through large geographic areas and suggested that migration of infected people may be an important mechanism of virus dispersal. Isolation of vaccine virus from a patient with a fatal case suggests that vaccine-related illness may have been misdiagnosed in the past.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Regions where yellow fever is endemic in Brazil.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Brazilian NS5/3´NCR phylogeny (576 nt) based on yellow fever isolates (neighbor-joining tree, Kimura 2-parameter distance correction, midpoint rooted). Geographic origin of isolates is indicated on map. 1: North (AC, Acre; AM, Amazonas; AP, Amapá; PA, Pará; RO, Rondônia; RR, Roraima; TO, Tocantins). 2: Northeast (AL, Alagoas; BA, Bahia; CE, Ceará; MA, Maranhão; PB, Paraiba; PE, Pernambuco; PI, Piaui; RN, Rio Grande do Norte; SE, Sergipe). 3: Central West (DF, Distrito Federal; GO, Goiás; MT,Mato Grosso; MS, Mato Grosso do Sul). 4: Southeast (ES, Espírito Santo; MG, Minas Gerais; RJ, Rio de Janeiro; SP, São Paulo). 5: South (PR, Paraná; SC, Santa Catarina; RS, Rio Grande do Sul). Colors correspond to genetic clade structure. Black dots refer to isolates with unresolved phylogenetic position.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Sequence alignment of the fusion peptide of the envelope (E) gene of selected yellow fever virus (YFV) strains (E98–E110). The Asibi prototype strain indicates the conserved sequence present in the majority of YFV strains and other mosquitoborne flaviviruses. A salt bridge between residues Asp E98 and Lys E110 generates the "CD loop" of residues E100–E108 (21).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Yellow fever incidence in Brazil by region, 1950–2003.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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