Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of the antitumour agent N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide after i.v. administration in the mouse

Abstract

The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and toxicity of the antitumour agent N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide(AC) were studied after i.v. administration to mice. Over the dose range of 9-121 mumol/kg (3-40 mg/kg), AC displayed linear kinetics with the following model-independent parameters: clearance (C), 21.0 +/- 1.9 1 h-1 kg-1; steady-state volume of distribution (Vss), 11.8 +/- 1.4 l/kg; and mean residence time (MRT), 0.56 +/- 0.02 h. The plasma concentration-time profiles for AC fitted a two-compartment model with the following parameters: Cc, 19.4 +/- 2.3 1 h-1 kg-1; Vc, 7.08 +/- 1.06 l/kg; t1/2 alpha 13.1 +/- 3.5 min; and t1/2Z, 1.60 +/- 0.65 h. AC displayed moderately high binding in healthy mouse plasma, giving a free fraction of 15.9%-25.3% over the drug concentration range of 1-561 microM. After the i.v. administration of 30 mumol/kg [3H]-AC, high radioactivity concentrations were observed in all tissues (especially the brain and kidney), showing a high t1/2c value (37-59 h). At 2 min (first blood collection), the AC concentration as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) comprised 61% of the plasma radioactivity concentration (expressed as AC equivalents/l). By 48 h, 73% of the dose had been eliminated, with 26% and 47% of the delivered drug being excreted by the urinary and faecal routes, respectively; less than 1% of the total dose was excreted as unchanged AC in the urine. At least five distinct radiochemical peaks were distinguishable by HPLC analysis of plasma extracts, with some similar peaks appearing in urine. The 121-mumol/kg dose was well tolerated by mice, with sedation being the only obvious side effect and no significant alterations in blood biochemistry or haematological parameters being recorded. After receiving a dose of 152 mumol/kg, all mice experienced clonic seizures for 2 min (with one death occurring) followed by a period of sedation that lasted for up to 2 h. No leucopenia occurred, but some mild anaemia was noted. There was no significant change in blood biochemistry. A further 20% increase in the i.v. dose (to 182 mumol/kg) resulted in mortality, with death occurring within 2 min of AC administration.