Normal cognitive changes in aging

Abstract

Background: Cognitive abilities decline with normal aging. Fluid abilities such as speed and problem solving show declines from early adulthood, and crystallised abilities such as knowledge and expertise increase until old age.

Objective: This article reviews changes in normal cognitive aging a nd associated risk factors. It aims to provide a framework for approaching the differentiation of normal cognitive aging from dementia through awareness of mental status screening and changes from previous functioning.

Discussion: Understanding normal cognitive aging is essential for assessing older patients presenting with memory and other cognitive complaints. Many of the risk factors for cognitive aging are modifiable such as hypertension, diabetes, and levels of physical, mental and social activity. At a population level, primary prevention or reduction of cognitive aging is possible through addressing modifiable risk factors. This in turn may reduce population levels of dementia.