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Comment
. 2004 Nov 30;101(48):16711-2.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407335101. Epub 2004 Nov 22.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis, T cells, and immune dysfunction

Steven L Teitelbaum  1
Affiliations
Comment

Postmenopausal osteoporosis, T cells, and immune dysfunction

Steven L Teitelbaum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. .
No abstract available

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Immune modulation of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The decline in circulating estrogen (E2) attending menopause stimulates IFN-γ expression by T cells, enhancing, in turn, CIITA in macrophages. The resulting induction of antigen presentation activates TNF-α-producing effector T cells, which proliferate, thereby increasing ambient cytokine. TNF-α promotes marrow stromal cell expression of RANKL, thereby activating RANK signaling in macrophages, inducing them to differentiate into osteoclasts. TNF-α also synergizes with RANKL in the osteoclastogenic process. IFN-γ-induced antigen presentation is attenuated at numerous steps by E2-stimulated macrophage production of TGF-β.
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