Nefopam and ketamine comparably enhance postoperative analgesia

Abstract

Opioids alone sometimes provide insufficient postoperative analgesia. Coadministration of drugs may reduce opioid use and improve opioid efficacy. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the administration of ketamine or nefopam to postoperative patients with pain only partly alleviated by morphine reduces the amount of subsequent opioid necessary to produce adequate analgesia. Patients (n=77) recovering from major surgery were given up to 9 mg of IV morphine. Those who still had pain were randomly assigned to blinded administration of 1) isotonic saline (control group; n=21), 2) ketamine 10 mg (ketamine group; n=22), or 3) nefopam 20 mg (nefopam group; n=22). Three-milligram morphine boluses were subsequently given at 5-min intervals until adequate analgesia was obtained, until 60 min elapsed after the beginning of study drug administration, or until ventilation became insufficient (respiratory rate <10 breaths/min or saturation by pulse oximetry <95%). Supplemental morphine (i.e., after test drug administration) requirements were significantly more in the control group (mean +/- sd; 17 +/- 10 mg) than in the nefopam (10 +/- 5 mg; P <0.005) or ketamine (9 +/- 5 mg; P <0.001) groups. Morphine titration was successful in all ketamine and nefopam patients but failed in four control patients (two because of respiratory toxicity and two because of persistent pain). Tachycardia and profuse sweating were more frequent in patients given nefopam, and sedation was more intense with ketamine; however, the incidence of other potential complications did not differ among groups.

Fig. 1

Percentage of patients with little or no pain (VRS pain score < 2) after beginning infusion of saline, ketamine, or nefopam. Pain scores were significantly less in Nefopam and Ketamine groups than in the Control group after 30 and 45 elapsed minutes (*P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the Ketamine and Nefopam groups at any times.

Fig. 2

Percentage of patients with a sedation score > 1 after the start of the treatment infusion. Sedation scores were significantly greater in the patients given ketamine than in the patients given either nefopam or saline at 10, 15, and 20 elapsed minutes. *P < 0.05 compared to the Nefopam and Control groups.