H3N2 influenza virus transmission from swine to turkeys, United States

Abstract

In 1998, a novel H3N2 reassortant virus emerged in the United States swine population. We report the interspecies transmission of this virus to turkeys in two geographically distant farms in the United States in 2003. This event is of concern, considering the reassortment capacity of this virus and the susceptibility of turkey to infection by avian influenza viruses. Two H3N2 isolates, A/turkey/NC/16108/03 and A/turkey/MN/764/03, had 98.0% to 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity to each other in all eight gene segments. All protein components of the turkey isolates had 97% to 98% sequence identity to swine H3N2 viruses, thus demonstrating interspecies transmission from pigs to turkeys. The turkey isolates were better adapted to avian hosts than were their closest swine counterparts, which suggests that the viruses had already begun to evolve in the new host. The isolation of swine-like H3N2 influenza viruses from turkeys raises new concerns for the generation of novel viruses that could affect humans.

Figure

Phylogenetic tree representing the HA nucleotide sequences of two H3N2 influenza viruses isolated from turkeys on geographically distant farms in the United States and of selected swine influenza virus strains. Nucleotide sequences were aligned by using the Clustal_X (19) program, and phylograms were generated by the neighbor-joining method using the NJplot program (20). The scale is proportional to the numbers of substitutions per nucleotide.