Insulin resistance and obesity-related factors in Prader-Willi syndrome: comparison with obese subjects

Abstract

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), the most common genetic cause of marked obesity in humans, is usually due to a de novo paternally derived chromosome 15q11-q13 deletion or maternal disomy 15 [(uniparental disomy (UPD)]. Obesity is due to energy imbalance, but few studies have examined fat patterning and obesity-related factors in subjects with PWS (deletions and UPD) compared with subjects with simple obesity. We examined for differences in fatness patterning and lipid, leptin, and glucose and insulin levels in subjects with simple obesity and PWS and adjusted for gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). Fasting peripheral blood samples and cross-sectional magnetic resonance image scans at the level of the umbilicus were obtained in 55 subjects ranging in age from 10.4 to 49 years: 20 PWS deletion, 17 PWS UPD, and 18 obese controls. Subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and intra-abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) were calculated. No significant difference was seen between the PWS deletion subjects or PWS UPD subjects for fatness measurements or leptin levels. Twenty-three of 37 PWS subjects met the criteria for obesity (BMI > 95th percentile). No significant differences were observed for SFA and VFA between the PWS subjects judged to be obese and control subjects with simple obesity. There was an overall trend for decreased VFA in the PWS subjects but not significantly different. VFA was significantly positively correlated with both fasting insulin and total cholesterol in PWS deletion subjects but not in PWS UPD subjects or obese controls. Fasting insulin level was significantly lower in the obese PWS subjects compared with subjects with simple obesity, and insulin sensitivity (QUICKI) was significantly higher in PWS subjects with obesity. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and QUICKI values were correlated and in opposite directions with triglycerides in the obese PWS subjects but not in the obese controls. Subjects in each group were stratified according to published criteria on the basis of their level of visceral fat (e.g. > or = 130 cm(2)) to assess the influence of VFA on metabolic abnormalities. In the obese PWS subjects, the fasting triglyceride, glucose, and insulin levels, and HOMA value were significantly elevated, while the QUICKI value was significantly lower in those with VFA > or = 130 cm(2). Such significant differences were not seen in the obese control group. Our results indicate that VFA may be regulated differently in PWS subjects compared to individuals with simple obesity. Insulin resistance is lower in PWS subjects and insulin sensitivity is higher compared with obese controls. PWS subjects with increased VFA may be at a higher risk of obesity-related complications compared to PWS subjects without increased VFA.

Fig. 1.

Magnetic resonance images through the umbilicus level with segmented background, lean and fat.

Fig. 2.

Scatter plot and correlation data for insulin resistance [(homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)] and triglycerides, cholesterol, and leptin for both obese subjects with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) (solid line) and obese controls (dashed line). Obesity was determined for each subject using body mass index (BMI). For adult subjects (≥18 years of age), obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30. For subjects less than 18 years, obesity was defined as BMI > 95th percentile using published standardized growth charts for each sex (24).

Fig. 3.

Scatter plot and correlation data for insulin resistance [(homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)] and body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, subcutaneous fat area (SFA), visceral fat area (VFA), and fat ratio (SFA : VFA) for both obese subjects with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) (solid line) and obese controls (dashed line).