Only two-week smoking cessation improves platelet aggregability and intraplatelet redox imbalance of long-term smokers

Abstract

Objectives: We investigated whether and how soon smoking cessation ameliorates the smoking-induced intracellular oxidative stress and platelet aggregability in long-term smokers.

Background: Smoking is a major risk factor of atherothrombosis. Smoking cessation reduces cardiac events. However, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects remain to be elucidated.

Methods: Twenty-seven male long-term smokers were divided into two groups. Group A (n = 14) quit smoking for four weeks whereas group B (n = 13) resumed smoking two weeks after quitting. Smoking status was monitored by measurement of urinary cotinine. Using gel-filtered platelets, agonist (adenosine diphosphate and collagen)-induced platelet aggregation, platelet-derived nitric oxide (PDNO), intraplatelet nitrotyrosine production, intraplatelet levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form (GSSG), and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)), as markers of systemic oxidative stress, were measured. The baseline measurements were similar between the two groups.

Results: Smoking cessation quickly reduced agonist-induced platelet aggregations, intraplatelet nitrotyrosine level, and urinary productions of 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) by two weeks in both groups. In group A, they were maintained at the low levels until four weeks, whereas they were reversed by resmoking in group B; PDNO release and intraplatelet GSH/GSSG ratio were time-dependently increased by smoking cessation but reversed by resmoking.

Conclusions: The present findings are the first demonstration that only two weeks of smoking cessation can ameliorate the enhanced platelet aggregability and intraplatelet redox imbalance in long-term smokers, possibly by decreasing oxidative stress. Our findings may strengthen the motivation for smokers to quit smoking.