Alteration of serum concentrations of manganese, iron, ferritin, and transferrin receptor following exposure to welding fumes among career welders

Abstract

This study was performed to determine airborne manganese levels during welding practice and to establish the relationship between long-term, low-level exposure to manganese and altered serum concentrations of manganese, iron, and proteins associated with iron metabolism in career welders. Ninety-seven welders (average age of 36 years) who have engaged in electric arc weld in a vehicle manufacturer were recruited as the exposed group. Welders worked 7-8h per day with employment duration of 1-33 years. Control subjects consisted of 91 employees (average age of 35 years) in the same factory but not in the welding profession. Ambient manganese levels in welders' breathing zone were the highest inside the vehicle (1.5 +/- 0.7 mg/m3), and the lowest in the center of the workshop (0.2 +/- 0.05 mg/m3). Since the filter size was 0.8 microm, it is possible that these values may be likely an underestimation of the true manganese levels. Serum levels of manganese and iron in welders were about three-fold (p < 0.01) and 1.2-fold (p < 0.01), respectively, higher than those of controls. Serum concentrations of ferritin and transferrin were increased among welders, while serum transferrin receptor levels were significantly decreased in comparison to controls. Linear regression analyses revealed a lack of association between serum levels of manganese and iron. However, serum concentrations of iron and ferritin were positively associated with years of welder experience (p < 0.05). Moreover, serum transferrin receptor levels were inversely associated with serum manganese concentrations (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that exposure to welding fume among welders disturbs serum homeostasis of manganese, iron, and the proteins associated with iron metabolism. Serum manganese may serve as a reasonable biomarker for assessment of recent exposure to airborne manganese.

Fig. 1

Relationship between serum manganese concentration and years of welder experience. Serum manganese concentrations were determined by AAS. Data were analyzed by a simple linear regression (r = 0.132, p = 0.196, n = 97).

Fig. 2

Relationship between serum iron concentration and years of welder experience. Serum iron concentrations were determined by AAS. Data were analyzed by a simple linear regression (r = 0.217, p = 0.035, n = 97).

Fig. 3

Relationship between serum ferritin concentration and years of welder experience. Serum ferritin concentrations were determined by using a commercially available immunoassay kit. Data were analyzed by a simple linear regression (r = 0.205, p = 0.044, n = 97).

Fig. 4

Relationship between serum TfR and serum manganese concentrations. Serum TfR concentrations were determined by using a commercially available immunoassay kit. Data were analyzed by a simple linear regression (r = −0.237, p = 0.019, n = 97).

Fig. 5

Relationship between serum TfR and serum iron concentrations. Data were analyzed by a simple linear regression (r = −0.106, p = 0.300, n = 97).