Precocious pubarche is associated with SGA, prematurity, weight gain, and obesity

Abstract

Background: Perinatal stress is thought to underlie the Barker sequelae of low birth weight, of which precocious pubarche may be a manifestation.

Aims: To explore whether prematurity as well as smallness for gestational age (SGA) predisposes to precocious pubarche, and the potential role of excess weight gain during childhood.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of 89 children (79 girls) with precocious pubarche.

Results: Sixty five per cent were overweight/obese at diagnosis, compared with 19-24% of Australian children. Thirty five per cent had a history of SGA and 24% of prematurity. Weight SDS increased from birth to diagnosis in 91% of children. The mean change in weight SDS from birth to diagnosis was greater in those who were SGA (2.8, 95% CI 2.2 to 3.4) versus AGA (1.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.2), with no difference in the incidence of overweight/obesity. The latter was lower among children born premature (40% versus 72% term) but was associated with a mean increase in weight of 1.3 SDS during childhood. Nine out of ten girls and boys with precocious pubarche had at least one of the three risk factors studied.

Conclusions: Both prematurity and SGA were associated with precocious pubarche, as was overweight/obesity, irrespective of size or gestation at birth. Excess weight gain in childhood may predispose to precocious pubarche in susceptible individuals.