Reactivity patterns and infection status of serum samples with indeterminate Western immunoblot tests for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Abstract

Serum samples with indeterminate Western blot (WB) tests from 61 individuals whose sera were positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were studied in order to characterize their putative reactions with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins and to resolve the HIV infection status of these individuals. The reaction observed by WB could not be confirmed either by radioimmunoprecipitation assay and subsequent electrophoresis (RIPA) or by use of LiaTek (Organon Teknika, Turnbout, The Netherlands) in 28% of the samples. Of the 86 samples that were indeterminate by WB, 66 reacted with p24 by WB; this reaction was confirmed by RIPA in only 21 (32%) and by LiaTek in 49 (74%) of the 66 samples. On the other hand, none of the indeterminate samples that reacted with HIV envelope proteins by WB did so by LiaTek, while 50% precipitated at least some of these proteins in the RIPA. The sensitivities of the three methods for detecting the antibody reaction with the different HIV proteins, which were studied with serial dilutions of positive serum samples, were similar. Thus, a lower sensitivity of RIPA or LiaTek does not seem to be the cause for the lack of reaction of the WB-indeterminate samples by these two methods. Sequential samples from individuals whose serum samples reacted by the three methods gave reproducible results, but all showed low antibody titers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from three of the four individuals with sequential samples that reacted with HIV env proteins by WB and RIPA were negative for HIV provirus DNA after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction.