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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2005 Mar 1;6(1):22.
doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-22.

Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers

Hester van der Vaart  1 , Dirkje S Postma, Wim Timens, Machteld N Hylkema, Brigitte W M Willemse, H Marike Boezen, Judith M Vonk, Dorothea M de Reus, Henk F Kauffman, Nick H T ten Hacken
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers

Hester van der Vaart et al. Respir Res. .

Abstract

Background: Chronic smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Knowledge on the response to the initial smoke exposures might enhance the understanding of changes due to chronic smoking, since repetitive acute smoke effects may cumulate and lead to irreversible lung damage.

Methods: We investigated acute effects of smoking on inflammation in 16 healthy intermittent smokers in an open randomised cross-over study. We compared effects of smoking of two cigarettes on inflammatory markers in exhaled air, induced sputum, blood and urine at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 hours and outcomes without smoking. All sputum and blood parameters were log transformed and analysed using a linear mixed effect model.

Results: Significant findings were: Smoking increased exhaled carbon monoxide between 0 and 1 hour, and induced a greater decrease in blood eosinophils and sputum lymphocytes between 0 and 3 hours compared to non-smoking. Compared to non-smoking, smoking induced a greater interleukin-8 release from stimulated blood cells between 0 and 3 hours, and a greater increase in sputum lymphocytes and neutrophils between 3 and 12 hours.

Conclusion: We conclude that besides an increase in inflammation, as known from chronic smoking, there is also a suppressive effect of smoking two cigarettes on particular inflammatory parameters.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Time course of smoking of two cigarettes on exhaled carbon monoxide (CO). Black circles represent the values after smoking two cigarettes and grey circles represent the values of the control period.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Time course of smoking of two cigarettes on blood eosinophils. Black circles represent the values after smoking two cigarettes and grey circles represent the values of the control period.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Time course of smoking of two cigarettes on sputum neutrophils. Black circles represent the values after smoking two cigarettes and grey circles represent the values of the control period.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Time course of smoking of two cigarettes on sputum lymphocytes. Black circles represent the values after smoking two cigarettes and grey circles represent the values of the control period.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Time course of smoking of two cigarettes on sputum eosinophils. Black circles represent the values after smoking two cigarettes and grey circles represent the values of the control period.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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