A temporal-spatial analysis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Irish cattle herds, from 1996 to 2000

Abstract

This study investigated the distribution of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in herds of cattle in Ireland over the years 1996 through 2000, prior to the introduction of widespread active surveillance. Mappings of index herds, herd density, and standardized morbidity ratios, by county, were employed to help visualize areas of potential clustering of BSE. The hypothesis of spatial clustering was tested using a spatial scan statistic applied to the location of the herd where exposure likely occurred. Both Bernoulli and Poisson spatial models indicated marked clustering of BSE herds centred on Monaghan county, with secondary clusters detected by Bernoulli approaches and some Poisson models in Wexford and Cork. The number of cases increased with time, but clear temporal-spatial clusters were rarely detected, except in the case of a cluster in Wexford. The focussed spatial scan analyses using the location of large-scale feed suppliers provided support for the hypothesis that clustering of BSE may be associated with feed source. The results of our analyses provided strong evidence in support of the hypothesis that herds, in which animals were most likely to have been exposed to the BSE agent, cluster geographically.

Figure 1

The location of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) index herds and the density per square kilometre of herds in Ireland, from 1996 to 2000.

Figure 2

The standardized morbidity ratios per county for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Ireland, from 1996 to 2000.

Figure 3

The locations of significant clusters of putative exposure bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) herds, in Ireland, from 1996 to 2000, as detected by a spatial scan statistic.