Stereoisomer composition of the chiral UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor in environmental samples

Abstract

4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is an important organic UV filter used in many personal care products such as sunscreens and cosmetics. After use, 4-MBC may enter the aquatic environment due to its release from skin during recreational activities (swimming, bathing) and from personal hygiene measures (washing, laundering of cloths) via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In fact, 4-MBC has been detected in wastewater, in surface waters, and even in fish. 4-MBC can exist as distinct cis-(Z)- and trans-(E)-isomers, both of which are chiral. Despite the fact that stereoisomers often show a different biological behavior, the stereochemistry of 4-MBC has hardly ever been considered in environmental or biological studies. In this study, enantioselective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the stereoisomer composition of 4-MBC. For stereoisomer assignment, the pure enantiomers of (E)-4-MBC were synthesized from (+)- and (-)-camphor. The photochemical isomerization (sunlight) of these (E)-isomers to the corresponding (Z)-isomers eventually allowed the configurational assignment of all four stereoisomers of 4-MBC. In a technical material and in a major brand sun lotion, 4-MBC was shown to consist entirely (>99%) of (E)-isomers and to be racemic (R/S, 1.00 +/- 0.02). Wastewater showed the presence of both (E)- and (Z)-4-MBC with a clear excess of (E)-isomers (E > Z). Untreated wastewater showed a nearly racemic composition (R/S= 0.95-1.09), suggesting that most if not all commercial 4-MBC is racemic. Treated wastewater indicated some excess of (R)- or (S)-stereoisomers (R/S, 0.89-1.17), likely as a result of some enantioselective (bio)degradation in WWTPs. Residues of 4-MBC in lakes and in a river with inputs from WWTPs and/or recreational activities consisted mainly of (E)-4-MBC and, with exception of one lake (Greifensee), showed a small enantiomer excess (R/S, 1.04-1.16). In Greifensee, 4-MBC showed a higher enantiomer excess (R/S, 1.70-1.83), probably as a result of more extensive biotic degradation in this lake. The analysis of 4-MBC in a small number of fish from these lakes indicated residues with nearly racemic compositions or a moderate enantiomer excess (R/S, approximately 1.0-1.2) in roach (Rutilus rutilus), whereas in perch (Perca fluviatilis) a much higher enantiomer excess (R/S, approximately 5) was observed. The data indicate that the stereoisomer composition of 4-MBC in environmental samples is not only a function of initial product composition but is also modified by enantioselective processes in lakes and biota (fish).