[Evoked potentials and post-traumatic evolution]

Abstract

Visual, somatosensory, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials provide functional quantitative assessment of the cerebral cortex and brainstem. Their contribution at the acute stage of coma concerns diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up. Four patterns are observed in traumatic coma: pattern 1=dysfunction of the cerebral cortex, brainstem integrity: good prognosis in more than 80% of cases; pattern 2=midbrain dysfunction: prognosis depends on both the reversibility of midbrain dysfunction and the extent of associated axonal lesions in the hemispheric white matter; pattern 3=pontine dysfunction due to transtentorial herniation: ominous prognosis, this pattern must be early detected by continuous monitoring; pattern 4=brain death: we currently use evoked potentials at the only brain-death confirmatory test, even in sedated patients. The contribution of evoked potentials in vegetative or minimally responsive states concerns the identification of these patients whose state is determined by midbrain dysfunction and the evaluation of persisting cognitive abilities in individual cases.