A dynamic alpha-beta inter-subunit agonist signaling complex is a novel feedback mechanism for regulating L-type Ca2+ channel opening

Abstract

L-type Ca2+ channels are macromolecular protein complexes in neurons and myocytes that open in response to cell membrane depolarization to supply Ca2+ for regulating gene transcription and vesicle secretion and triggering cell contraction. L-type Ca2+ channels include a pore-forming alpha and an auxiliary beta subunit, and alpha subunit openings are regulated by cellular Ca2+ through a mechanism involving the Ca2+-sensing protein calmodulin (CaM) and CaM binding motifs in the alpha subunit cytoplasmic C terminus. Here we show that these CaM binding motifs are "auto-agonists" that increase alpha subunit openings by binding the beta subunit. The CaM binding domains are necessary and sufficient for the alpha subunit C terminus to bind the beta subunit in vitro, and excess CaM blocks this interaction. Addition of CaM binding domains to native cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels in excised cell membrane patches increases openings, and this agonist effect is prevented by excess CaM. Recombinant LTCC openings are also increased by exogenous CaM binding domains by a mechanism requiring the beta subunit, and excess CaM blocks this effect. Thus, the bifunctional ability of the alpha subunit CaM binding motifs to competitively associate with the beta subunit or CaM provides a novel paradigm for feedback control of cellular Ca2+ entry.