Short-term insulin and nutritional energy provision do not stimulate muscle protein synthesis if blood amino acid availability decreases

Abstract

Muscle protein synthesis requires energy and amino acids to proceed and can be stimulated by insulin under certain circumstances. We hypothesized that short-term provision of insulin and nutritional energy would stimulate muscle protein synthesis in healthy subjects only if amino acid availability did not decrease. Using stable isotope techniques, we compared the effects on muscle phenylalanine kinetics across the leg of an amino acid-lowering, high-energy (HE, n = 6, 162 +/- 20 kcal/h) hyperglycemic hyperlipidemic hyperinsulinemic clamp with systemic insulin infusion to a low-energy (LE, n = 6, 35 +/- 3 kcal/h, P < 0.05 vs. HE) euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp with local insulin infusion in the femoral artery. Basal blood phenylalanine concentrations and phenylalanine net balance, muscle protein breakdown, and synthesis (nmol.min(-1).100 g leg muscle(-1)) were not different between groups. During insulin infusion, femoral insulinemia increased to a similar extent between groups and blood phenylalanine concentration decreased 27 +/- 3% in the HE group but only 9 +/- 2% in the LE group (P < 0.01 HE vs. LE). Phenylalanine net balance increased in both groups, but the change was greater (P < 0.05) in the LE group. Muscle protein breakdown decreased in the HE group (58 +/- 12 to 35 +/- 7 nmol.min(-1).100 g leg muscle(-1)) and did not change in the LE group. Muscle protein synthesis was unchanged in the HE group (39 +/- 6 to 30 +/- 7 nmol.min(-1).100 g leg muscle(-1)) and increased (P < 0.05) in the LE group (41 +/- 9 to 114 +/- 26 nmol.min(-1).100 g leg muscle(-1)). We conclude that amino acid availability is an important factor in the regulation of muscle protein synthesis in response to insulin, as decreased blood amino acid concentrations override the positive effect of insulin on muscle protein synthesis even if excess energy is provided.

Fig. 1

Study design for the high-energy and low-energy insulin infusion groups. HE, high-energy hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic hyperlipidemic clamp with a systemic insulin infusion; LE, low-energy euglycemic hyper-insulinemic clamp with local insulin infusion in the femoral artery.

Fig. 2

Protein kinetic models.

Fig. 3

Phenylalanine net balance (NB) across the leg for HE and LE insulin infusion groups. Values are means ± SE. *P < 0.05 vs. LE; †P < 0.05 vs. basal.

Fig. 4

Release of phenylalanine from muscle protein breakdown (F_M,0), at baseline and during infusion of insulin for HE and LE insulin infusion groups. Values are means ± SE. *P < 0.05 vs. LE.

Fig. 5

Utilization of phenylalanine for muscle protein synthesis (F_0,M), at baseline and during infusion of insulin for HE and LE insulin infusion groups. Values are means ± SE. *P < 0.05 vs. LE; †P < 0.05 vs. basal.