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Comparative Study
. 2005 Jul 29;360(1459):1479-88.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1668.

Artificial selection and maintenance of genetic variance in the global dairy cow population

S Brotherstone  1 , M Goddard
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Artificial selection and maintenance of genetic variance in the global dairy cow population

S Brotherstone et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. .

Abstract

Genetic improvement of dairy cows, which has increased the milk yield of cows in the UK by 1200 kg per lactation in 12 years, is an excellent example of the application of quantitative genetics to agriculture. The most important traits of dairy cattle are expressed only in females, but the main opportunity for selection is in males. Despite this, genetic improvement was achieved by the invention of a new statistical methodology, called 'best linear unbiased prediction' to estimate the breeding value of bulls. Intense selection of the best bulls, combined with the worldwide use of these bulls through artificial insemination and frozen semen, has created a global population and caused concern that the genetic variation available in the future will be reduced. Maintenance of genetic variation and long-term genetic gains would be aided by rational payment systems, use of crossbreeding where profitable, inclusion of all economically important traits in the breeding objective, recognition of genotype by environment interactions and the use of selection algorithms that balance estimated breeding value against the average relationship among the selected animals. Fortunately, all of these things are happening to some degree.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Genetic trend in milk yield (kg) for bulls and cows. (G. Swanson, personal communication).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Average proportion of inbreeding and proportion of Holstein in dairy cattle from 1988 to 2000. (From Wall et al. in press.)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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