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. 2005 Oct;96(5):853-61.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mci237. Epub 2005 Aug 15.

Phylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in cork oak (Quercus suber)

Roselyne Lumaret  1 , Mathieu Tryphon-Dionnet, Henri Michaud, Aurélie Sanuy, Emilie Ipotesi, Céline Born, Céline Mir
Affiliations

Phylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in cork oak (Quercus suber)

Roselyne Lumaret et al. Ann Bot. 2005 Oct.

Abstract

Background and aims: In the last decades, the geographical location of the centre of origin of Quercus suber (cork oak), a strictly western Mediterranean oak species, has been the subject of controversy.

Methods: RFLP variation over the whole chloroplast DNA molecule and PCR-RFLPs over seven specific cpDNA fragments were analysed phylogeographically to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cork oak.

Key results: Nine chlorotypes of the 'suber' cpDNA lineage were identified throughout the species range. Using closely related Mediterranean oak species as outgroup, the chlorotypes showed a clear phylogeographical pattern of three groups corresponding to potential glacial refuges in Italy, North Africa and Iberia. The most ancestral and recent groups were observed in populations located in the eastern and western parts of the species range, respectively. Several unrelated chlorotypes of the 'ilex' cpDNA lineage were also identified in specific western areas.

Conclusions: The results support a Middle-Eastern or a central Mediterranean origin for cork oak with subsequent westward colonization during the Tertiary Period, and suggest that the 'ilex' chlorotype variation does not reflect entirely cytoplasmic introgression by Q. ilex but originated partly in Q. suber.

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Figures

F<sc>ig</sc>. 1.
Fig. 1.
Geographical distribution of the eight and six chlorotypes of the ‘suber’ and ‘ilex’ lineages identified, respectively, in 91 Q. suber populations scored for RFLP variation over the whole cpDNA molecule. The identity of sampled populations and cpDNA chlorotypes assayed through RFLP as well as affiliation to the ‘suber’ or ‘ilex’ cpDNA lineages are indicated.
F<sc>ig</sc>. 2.
Fig. 2.
UPGMA unrooted phenogram based on the proportion of shared site and length mutations for the eight chlorotypes observed in Q. suber populations showing a ‘suber’ lineage cpDNA molecule and scored for four endonuclease RFLPs.
F<sc>ig</sc>. 3.
Fig. 3.
Phylograms based on the consensus trees resulting from parsimony analysis of the eight RFLP chlorotypes (A) and of the five PCR–RFLP chlorotypes (B) identified in Q. suber populations showing a ‘suber’ lineage cpDNA molecule. In both data treatments, Q. cerris was used as outgroup. The number of mutations observed is indicated in parentheses for each node. For each major branch, the percentage of times that the defined group occurred in the 1000 bootstrap samples is indicated in italics. In (B), cpDNA haplotypes defined through PCR–RFLP are indicated by capital letters, and the corresponding RFLP chlorotypes in (A) are given in the square brackets.
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References

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