Stability of oxymethyl-modified coumarinic acid cyclic prodrugs of diastereomeric opioid peptides in biological media from various animal species including human

Abstract

In vitro stability studies of oxymethyl-modified coumarinic acid (OMCA) cyclic prodrugs of the diastereomeric opioid peptides DADLE ([D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-Enk, H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), [Ala2,D-Leu5]-Enk (H-Tyr-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), [D-Ala2,Leu5]-Enk (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH), and [Ala2,Leu5]-Enk (H-Tyr-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) were conducted to evaluate how the chirality of specific amino acid residues (Ala2 and Leu5) in the peptide portion affects their bioconversion by esterases. The stability studies were conducted at 37 degrees C in plasma and tissue homogenates (liver and brain) from five animal species (rat, mouse, canine, guinea pig, and hamster) and human in an attempt to identify an animal species that had a "prodrug bioconversion profile" comparable to that of humans. Initially, the total esterase activity in these biological media was measured using p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB) as a substrate. By repeating this activity assay in the presence of paraoxon, a potent esterase B inhibitor, it was possible to estimate the relative amounts of esterases B and esterases A/C in a biological sample. Stability studies of the cyclic prodrugs were carried out under identical conditions, that is, in the presence and absence of paraoxon. Significant differences in the rates of hydrolysis of the cyclic prodrugs were observed, particularly between cyclic prodrugs with differences in the chirality of the amino acid on the C-terminus of the peptide portion, for example, L-amino acids at the C-terminus hydrolyzed more rapidly than D-amino acids. This stereoselective hydrolysis was independent of the animal species but tended to be more pronounced in brain and liver homogenates compared to plasma. Increased esterase specific activity, as measured by PNPB, in the biological media did not necessarily correlate with increased bioconversion rates of the cyclic prodrugs. The enzymatic stability profiles of the cyclic prodrugs in biological media from canine and guinea pig most closely resembled the profiles from human biological media. Therefore, canine and guinea pig appear to be the most relevant animal models for conducting pharmacokinetic studies on these cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides.