Novel neuroprotective mechanism of action of rasagiline is associated with its propargyl moiety: interaction of Bcl-2 family members with PKC pathway

Abstract

Our studies have provided new insights into the biological mechanism of neuroprotection of the anti-Parkinson drug, rasagiline [N-propargyl-(1R)-aminoindan], involving the association of Bcl-2 family proteins with protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. In a model of serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, rasagiline and its propargyl moiety, N-propargylamine, decreased cell death via multiple neuroprotective pathways that include the stimulation of PKC phosphorylation; upregulation of PKCepsilon mRNA; induction of Bcl-X(L), Bcl-w, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNAs; and downregulation of PKCgamma, Bad, and Bax mRNAs. Moreover, these drugs inhibited the cleavage and activation of pro-caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), while PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, reversed these actions. In addition, rasagiline decreased serum-free-induced levels of the important regulator of cell death, Bad, which was also blocked by GF109203X, indicating the involvement of PKC-dependent cell survival activity of rasagiline. Structure activity studies have established that N-propargylamine is essential for the novel neuroprotective and the neuronal cell survival activity of rasagiline since this moiety itself revealed similar protective effects and mechanisms of action. These results have led us to develop several multifunctional neuroprotective drugs containing the propargyl moiety and iron-chelating property for the treatment and/or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.