Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prehypertensive individuals

Abstract

Numerous studies have indicated that hypertensive subjects have an atherogenic lipoprotein pattern, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance relative to normotensive individuals. These abnormalities could be due to adverse effects of certain antihypertensive agents, to pathophysiological concomitants of the hypertensive state itself, or to both. In this report, we describe the cardiovascular risk factor profile of 1,440 subjects who were normotensive and were not taking any antihypertensive medications when first examined and who subsequently participated in the 8-year follow-up of the San Antonio Heart Study. Hypertension developed in 130 subjects during the follow-up period. At baseline these prehypertensive individuals had significantly higher levels of blood pressure, fasting total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and insulin, and 2-hour glucose than those who remained free of hypertension. In addition, they had higher body mass indexes, a less favorable body fat distribution, and lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. In multiple linear regression analyses, baseline levels of triglyceride and blood pressure remained significantly higher and high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained significantly lower in the subjects who later converted to hypertension than in those who remained normotensive. Although baseline insulin levels were also higher in the prehypertensive subjects, this difference was not statistically significant. In nonobese subjects, however, those with high baseline insulin concentrations had an increased incidence of hypertension compared with those with low insulin concentrations. The present results suggest that the cluster of atherogenic changes associated with hypertension actually precede the development of the hypertensive state.