Endophytic yeasts and filamentous fungi associated with southern Brazilian apple (Malus domestica) orchards subjected to conventional, integrated or organic cultivation

Abstract

Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, flowers and fruit of healthy apple trees (Malus domestica , Borkh.) growing in southern Brazilian orchards under three different cultivation systems (conventional, integrated and organic), during two vegetative cycles. The greatest total number of endophytic isolates was obtained from the orchards under organic cultivation when compared to integrated and conventional cultivation systems. Filamentous fungi from the genera Colletotrichum , Xylaria and Botryosphaeria were the most frequent ones and the most representative yeast genera were Sporobolomyces , Rhodotorula , Debaryomyces and Cryptococcus . It is suggested that some isolates may be used as indicators of the different management systems.