The role of dietary factors in cancer prevention: beyond fruits and vegetables

Abstract

Cancer, a disease resulting from dysregulated cell growth control, is caused by an interaction of dietary, genetic, and environmental risk factors. Dietary factors, including physical activity, may contribute to approximately one-third of all cancers. This meta-review summarizes dietary factor and cancer risk associations and makes specific dietary recommendations to reduce risk of specific cancers. The evidence supporting specific dietary recommendations to reduce the risk of cancer is heterogeneous in its strength and consistency. Prospective epidemiologic studies have provided strong evidence supporting regular physical activity and minimal adult weight gain to lower risk of colorectal and breast cancer. The strongest evidence linking specific foods to decrease risk of certain cancers includes the consumption of fruits and vegetables and whole grains. Secondary prevention trials and observational prospective epidemiologic studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern to decrease risk of both cancer and cardiovascular diseases. We recommend the adoption of dietary patterns emphasizing regular physical activity, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, and low-fat dairy products to all people at risk for cancer and cardiovascular disease. These recommendations may be incorporated into enjoyable cultural food patterns as exemplified by Mediterranean-type diets. The preparation and enjoyment of meals in a convivial atmosphere is a vital component of lifestyles to prevent chronic diseases such as cancer and certain cardiovascular diseases.