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Review
. 2005 Oct;139(2):566-73.
doi: 10.1104/pp.105.068809.

Regulatory functions of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in plant growth, development, and stress responses

Xuemin Wang  1
Affiliations
Review

Regulatory functions of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in plant growth, development, and stress responses

Xuemin Wang. Plant Physiol. 2005 Oct.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
PLD-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids, downstream targets, and cellular functions. The activity of PLD produces PA and free-head group (X). PA target proteins have been identified in animals, plants, and yeast (see also Table I). Multiple cellular effects of PLD and PA have been documented or implicated. Note that in addition to PLD, signaling PA can be generated from DAG kinase coupled to the activation of PLC and potentially from acylation reactions.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Domain structures of Arabidopsis PLDs. Plant PLDs consist of two distinctive subfamilies: the C2-PLDs and the PX/PH-PLDs. Individual PLDs can differ in key amino acid residues in regulatory motifs, such as C2, PIP2 binding, and DRY. The duplicated HKD motifs are involved in catalysis. Note that the 12 Arabidopsis PLDs have now been classified into six types instead of five types; the only modification is that PLDα4 has been reclassified to PLDɛ because this PLD is quite distant from all the other PLDs.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
A working model depicting the activation of PLDs and the role of PA in regulating kinase and phosphatase activities in cell's response to ABA, H2O2, or other stimuli. Potential mediators in the PLD activation include changes in G protein function and membrane conformations and/or increases in cytosolic Ca2+, phopshoinositides, and oleic acid. PLD-produced PA may stimulate protein kinase cascades and also inhibit protein phosphatases. PA may do so by directly affecting the enzymatic activities and/or by tethering the signaling enzymes to specific membranes or regions of a membrane. These interactions modulate the cell's ability to respond to stresses and inhibit cell death.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Unique roles of different PLDs, multifaceted functions of a PLD, and multiple modes of action of PA. Unique functions have been shown for PLDα1 and PLDδ. Box 1 lists some of the available findings that support different functions of PLDs. Box 2 indicates that a given PLD can be involved in different cellular processes, depending upon the nature of biotic and abiotic cues, such as the severity of stresses. Box 3 lists several effects that PA has on cell regulation. Documented examples are given in parentheses, and those in bold denote PA target proteins identified in plants. The symbol and function of the target proteins are explained in Table I and text. FFA, Free fatty acid; DAG-PPi, DAG-pyrophosphate.
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