Transvenous electrical cardioversion of equine atrial fibrillation: technical considerations

Abstract

Conventional treatment of equine atrial fibrillation (AF) involves administration of quinidine salts. Most uncomplicated cases respond to treatment, but pharmacologic cardioversion involves a range of adverse effects, and some horses are unable to tolerate medication. A study was undertaken to develop transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) as an alternative treatment. Safety issues and catheter placement techniques with catheter-integrated cardioversion electrodes were investigated, and responses to shock application were evaluated. After the premortem catheterization of elective-euthanasia horses, no tissue abnormalities were detected at postmortem examination. To evaluate the response to the application of shocks and appropriate electrode positions, an electrical cardioversion of research horses in chronic AF was then attempted. After catheterization of the right atrium (RA) and pulmonary artery through the right jugular vein, horses were placed under general anesthesia. Biphasic, truncated exponential shock waves were delivered at incremental energies until cardioversion was achieved or until a maximum energy of 300 J was reached. Five treatment events were applied to 3 horses, with cardioversion achieved in one of the treatment events. No adverse effects of cardioversion attempts or general anesthesia were observed. The procedure was then applied to 8 client-owned horses, with cardioversion achieved in 7. No adverse responses to appropriately delivered shocks were observed. No antiarrhythmic medications were administered to any horse at any stage. Catheter design and placement technique evolved throughout the study, with combined ultrasonography and pressure guidance proving most effective in achieving appropriate electrode placement. Results suggest TVEC, as applied in the present study, is a safe, effective, and realistic therapeutic option for equine AF.