Congener-specific survey for polychlorinated biphenlys in sediments of industrialized bays in Korea: regional characteristics and pollution sources

Abstract

Areas of the Korean coastline with heavy industry and major harbors were investigated for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution. This investigation paid attention to variations in the PCB congener patterns for a possible source of contamination. Surface sediments from 49 sites were sampled. Although the occurrence of PCBs in coastal marine environment correlates well with shipping and industrial activities, the contribution from shipping activities is considerable because of its enormous economical importance in Korea. The highest concentrations were found in harbors with heavy ship traffic and ship construction. Principal component analysis (PCA) of congener-specific composition of PCBs revealed distinct regional patterns, especially in a harbor and steel manufacturing area. PCB signatures with enhanced higher chlorinated congeners were typical for harbors with shipping activities and correlated well with commercial formulations that were formerly used in ship painting. Lower chlorinated congeners with up to five chlorines were significantly abundant in steel works zones which differed from harbor zones. This distinction was consistent with the congener patterns in the ambient air and the effluent of the steel works as well as in the nearby surface sediments. This study identified steel manufacturing as a recent and ongoing emission source of PCBs in Korea's coastal zone.