Inhibition of iNOS attenuates skeletal muscle reperfusion injury in extracellular superoxide dismutase knockout mice

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are closely involved in the mechanism of skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study was designed to determine the effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor 1400 W on the reperfused cremaster muscle in extracellular super-oxide dismutase knockout (EC-SOD(-/-)) mice. The muscle was exposed to 4.5 h of ischemia, followed by 90 min of reperfusion. Mice received either 3 mg/kg of 1400 W or the same amount of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, as a control) subcutaneously at 10 min before the start of reperfusion. 1400 W treatment markedly improved the recovery speed of vessel diameter and blood flow in the reperfused cremaster muscle of EC-SOD(-/-) mice compared to controls. Histological examination showed reduced edema in the interstitial space and muscle fiber, and reduced density of nitrotyrosine (a marker of total peroxi-nitrate (ONOO(-)) level) in 1400 W-treated muscles compared to controls. Our results suggest that iNOS and ONOO(-) products are involved in skeletal muscle I/R injury. Reduced I/R injury by using selective inhibition of iNOS perhaps works by limiting cytotoxic ONOO(-) generation, a reaction product of nitric oxide (NO) and super-oxide anion (O(2) (-)). Thus, inhibition of iNOS appears to be a treatment strategy for reducing clinical I/R injury.