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. 2005 Dec;79(24):15460-6.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.24.15460-15466.2005.

New genotype of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from tree sparrows in China

Z Kou  1 , F M Lei, J Yu, Z J Fan, Z H Yin, C X Jia, K J Xiong, Y H Sun, X W Zhang, X M Wu, X B Gao, T X Li
Affiliations

New genotype of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from tree sparrows in China

Z Kou et al. J Virol. 2005 Dec.

Abstract

The 2004 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 disease in China led to a great poultry loss and society attention. A survey of avian influenza viruses was conducted on tree sparrows (Passer montanus) collected in China in 2004. Four viruses were isolated from free-living tree sparrows. The results of the whole-genome analysis indicated that an H5N1 virus with a new genotype is circulating among tree sparrows. The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the new genotype were derived from Gs/Gd/96-like viruses and the nuclear protein gene descended from the 2001 genotype A H5N1 viruses, while the other inner genes originated from an unknown influenza virus. In experimental infection, all four viruses were highly pathogenic to chickens but not pathogenic to ducks or mice. The four tree sparrow viruses were different from the 2003 tree sparrow strain (genotype Z) in Hong Kong. The results suggested that H5N1 viruses might be distributed widely in tree sparrows.

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of virus genes isolated from tree sparrows in China. Trees were generated by using neighbor-joining analysis with the Tamura-Nei-gamma model in the MEGA program (version 2.0). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1,000 replicates. Analysis was based on nucleotides 1 to 1,012 (1,012 bp) of the HA gene, 1 to 1,055 (1,055 bp) of the NA gene, 1,058 to 2,227 (1,170 bp) of the PB2 gene, 23 to 1,316 (1,294 bp) of the PB1 gene, 1,450 to 2,148 (699 bp) of the PA gene, 22 to 976 (955 bp) of the NP gene, 25 to 759 (725 bp) of the M gene, and 46 to 685 (640 bp) of the NS gene. The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. Th, Thailand; VN, Vietnam; In, Indonesia; HK, Hong Kong; Gd, Guangdong; YN, Yunnan; Sh, Shanghai; Sd, Shandong; ST, Shantou; Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Gs, Goose; SCk, silky chicken. The sequences are named in concordance with their GenBank nomenclature. The tree sparrow genes are indicated in red.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of virus genes isolated from tree sparrows in China. Trees were generated by using neighbor-joining analysis with the Tamura-Nei-gamma model in the MEGA program (version 2.0). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1,000 replicates. Analysis was based on nucleotides 1 to 1,012 (1,012 bp) of the HA gene, 1 to 1,055 (1,055 bp) of the NA gene, 1,058 to 2,227 (1,170 bp) of the PB2 gene, 23 to 1,316 (1,294 bp) of the PB1 gene, 1,450 to 2,148 (699 bp) of the PA gene, 22 to 976 (955 bp) of the NP gene, 25 to 759 (725 bp) of the M gene, and 46 to 685 (640 bp) of the NS gene. The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. Th, Thailand; VN, Vietnam; In, Indonesia; HK, Hong Kong; Gd, Guangdong; YN, Yunnan; Sh, Shanghai; Sd, Shandong; ST, Shantou; Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Gs, Goose; SCk, silky chicken. The sequences are named in concordance with their GenBank nomenclature. The tree sparrow genes are indicated in red.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of virus genes isolated from tree sparrows in China. Trees were generated by using neighbor-joining analysis with the Tamura-Nei-gamma model in the MEGA program (version 2.0). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1,000 replicates. Analysis was based on nucleotides 1 to 1,012 (1,012 bp) of the HA gene, 1 to 1,055 (1,055 bp) of the NA gene, 1,058 to 2,227 (1,170 bp) of the PB2 gene, 23 to 1,316 (1,294 bp) of the PB1 gene, 1,450 to 2,148 (699 bp) of the PA gene, 22 to 976 (955 bp) of the NP gene, 25 to 759 (725 bp) of the M gene, and 46 to 685 (640 bp) of the NS gene. The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. Th, Thailand; VN, Vietnam; In, Indonesia; HK, Hong Kong; Gd, Guangdong; YN, Yunnan; Sh, Shanghai; Sd, Shandong; ST, Shantou; Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Gs, Goose; SCk, silky chicken. The sequences are named in concordance with their GenBank nomenclature. The tree sparrow genes are indicated in red.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of virus genes isolated from tree sparrows in China. Trees were generated by using neighbor-joining analysis with the Tamura-Nei-gamma model in the MEGA program (version 2.0). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1,000 replicates. Analysis was based on nucleotides 1 to 1,012 (1,012 bp) of the HA gene, 1 to 1,055 (1,055 bp) of the NA gene, 1,058 to 2,227 (1,170 bp) of the PB2 gene, 23 to 1,316 (1,294 bp) of the PB1 gene, 1,450 to 2,148 (699 bp) of the PA gene, 22 to 976 (955 bp) of the NP gene, 25 to 759 (725 bp) of the M gene, and 46 to 685 (640 bp) of the NS gene. The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. Th, Thailand; VN, Vietnam; In, Indonesia; HK, Hong Kong; Gd, Guangdong; YN, Yunnan; Sh, Shanghai; Sd, Shandong; ST, Shantou; Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Gs, Goose; SCk, silky chicken. The sequences are named in concordance with their GenBank nomenclature. The tree sparrow genes are indicated in red.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of virus genes isolated from tree sparrows in China. Trees were generated by using neighbor-joining analysis with the Tamura-Nei-gamma model in the MEGA program (version 2.0). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1,000 replicates. Analysis was based on nucleotides 1 to 1,012 (1,012 bp) of the HA gene, 1 to 1,055 (1,055 bp) of the NA gene, 1,058 to 2,227 (1,170 bp) of the PB2 gene, 23 to 1,316 (1,294 bp) of the PB1 gene, 1,450 to 2,148 (699 bp) of the PA gene, 22 to 976 (955 bp) of the NP gene, 25 to 759 (725 bp) of the M gene, and 46 to 685 (640 bp) of the NS gene. The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. Th, Thailand; VN, Vietnam; In, Indonesia; HK, Hong Kong; Gd, Guangdong; YN, Yunnan; Sh, Shanghai; Sd, Shandong; ST, Shantou; Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Gs, Goose; SCk, silky chicken. The sequences are named in concordance with their GenBank nomenclature. The tree sparrow genes are indicated in red.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of virus genes isolated from tree sparrows in China. Trees were generated by using neighbor-joining analysis with the Tamura-Nei-gamma model in the MEGA program (version 2.0). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1,000 replicates. Analysis was based on nucleotides 1 to 1,012 (1,012 bp) of the HA gene, 1 to 1,055 (1,055 bp) of the NA gene, 1,058 to 2,227 (1,170 bp) of the PB2 gene, 23 to 1,316 (1,294 bp) of the PB1 gene, 1,450 to 2,148 (699 bp) of the PA gene, 22 to 976 (955 bp) of the NP gene, 25 to 759 (725 bp) of the M gene, and 46 to 685 (640 bp) of the NS gene. The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. Th, Thailand; VN, Vietnam; In, Indonesia; HK, Hong Kong; Gd, Guangdong; YN, Yunnan; Sh, Shanghai; Sd, Shandong; ST, Shantou; Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Gs, Goose; SCk, silky chicken. The sequences are named in concordance with their GenBank nomenclature. The tree sparrow genes are indicated in red.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of virus genes isolated from tree sparrows in China. Trees were generated by using neighbor-joining analysis with the Tamura-Nei-gamma model in the MEGA program (version 2.0). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1,000 replicates. Analysis was based on nucleotides 1 to 1,012 (1,012 bp) of the HA gene, 1 to 1,055 (1,055 bp) of the NA gene, 1,058 to 2,227 (1,170 bp) of the PB2 gene, 23 to 1,316 (1,294 bp) of the PB1 gene, 1,450 to 2,148 (699 bp) of the PA gene, 22 to 976 (955 bp) of the NP gene, 25 to 759 (725 bp) of the M gene, and 46 to 685 (640 bp) of the NS gene. The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. Th, Thailand; VN, Vietnam; In, Indonesia; HK, Hong Kong; Gd, Guangdong; YN, Yunnan; Sh, Shanghai; Sd, Shandong; ST, Shantou; Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Gs, Goose; SCk, silky chicken. The sequences are named in concordance with their GenBank nomenclature. The tree sparrow genes are indicated in red.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of virus genes isolated from tree sparrows in China. Trees were generated by using neighbor-joining analysis with the Tamura-Nei-gamma model in the MEGA program (version 2.0). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1,000 replicates. Analysis was based on nucleotides 1 to 1,012 (1,012 bp) of the HA gene, 1 to 1,055 (1,055 bp) of the NA gene, 1,058 to 2,227 (1,170 bp) of the PB2 gene, 23 to 1,316 (1,294 bp) of the PB1 gene, 1,450 to 2,148 (699 bp) of the PA gene, 22 to 976 (955 bp) of the NP gene, 25 to 759 (725 bp) of the M gene, and 46 to 685 (640 bp) of the NS gene. The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. Th, Thailand; VN, Vietnam; In, Indonesia; HK, Hong Kong; Gd, Guangdong; YN, Yunnan; Sh, Shanghai; Sd, Shandong; ST, Shantou; Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Gs, Goose; SCk, silky chicken. The sequences are named in concordance with their GenBank nomenclature. The tree sparrow genes are indicated in red.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Possible derivation of the tree sparrow viruses and their relationship to other H5N1 genotypes. The eight gene segments in each schematic virus particle are (from top to bottom) the PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS genes. Genes of the same lineage are shown in the same color. The capital letters indicate the genotypes and Sparrow 1 to Sparrow 4 indicate the four sparrow isolates.
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